“…This tends to be a severe restriction and is burdensome for crack growth simulations in complex geometries. To alleviate the computational burden associated with the insertion of arbitrary cracks into an finite element model, the extended finite element method (X-FEM) (Belytschko and Black, 1999;Moes et al, 1999) has provided significant advantages over other approaches such as boundary element methods (Cruse, 1988), remeshing methods (Carter et al, 2000;Maligno et al, 2010), and element deletion methods (Henshell and Shaw, 1975). While the application of the boundary element method can accurately capture the near tip singularities, its extension to elasto-plastic fracture problems is quite awkward due to the use of a domain integration of fictitious body forces to account for the nonlinearity.…”