A Thioredoxin Homologous Protein of Plasmodium falciparum Participates in Erythrocyte Invasion

Abstract

Invasion of erythrocytes by merozoites is required in the life cycle of malarial parasites. Proteins derived from the invasive merozoites are essential ligands for erythrocyte recognition and penetration.

Global Lysine Crotonylation and 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation in Phenotypically Different Toxoplasma gondii Parasites

“…First, the slides were blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 hour at 37 °C and then incubated with primary antibodies recognizing crotonyllysine (Cat#: PTM-502) and 2-hydroxybutyryllysine (Cat#: PTM-801) (PTM BIO) for 1 hour at 37 °C. Then, the cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C using a fluorescent secondary antibody (Thermo, MA), and the nuclei were stained as previously described (17, 18). High-resolution images were captured by a confocal laser scanning microscope (Leica, SP8, Wetzlar, Germany).…”

A Novel Thioredoxin Homologous Protein of Babesia Microti Involved in Erythrocyte Invasion

“…Immunization with PfTrx-mero protein has been proven to provide signi cant protection against Plasmodium infection [33]; thus, we studied whether this is also the case for BmiTrx-like protein against B. microti infection in vivo. His-tagged BmiTrx-like protein was used to immunize BALB/C mice.…”

“…The binding activity of BmiTrx-like proteins to human and mouse erythrocytes was studied as previously described [33]. Thirty micrograms of BmiTrx-like protein and equal amount of GST protein were mixed with 100 µL human or mouse erythrocyte precipitate in a total of 300 µL system in RBC binding buffer (50 mM Tris HCl, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM MgCl 2 , 2.0 mM DTT, 1% glycerin, pH 8.0), respectively, at 25 °C for 2 h. The mixture was centrifuged after incubation and washed three times with RBC binding buffer.…”

“…Mice in the control group were immunized with PBS and adjuvant only. The antibody titer was measured using ELISA as previously described [33]. After successful immunization, mice were challenged with 10 6 infected iRBCs.…”

“…After successful immunization, mice were challenged with 10 6 infected iRBCs. Thin blood smears were made with tail blood from mice and stained with Giemsa to assess parasitemia every other day by counting 1000 red blood cells per smear as previously described [33].…”