A thermal activated and differential self-calibrated flexible epidermal biomicrofluidic device for wearable accurate blood glucose monitoring

Pu, Zhihua; Zhang, Xingguo; Yu, Haixia; Tu, Jiaan; Chen, Hailong; Liu, Yuncong; Su, Xiao; Wang, Ridong; Zhang, Lei; Li, Dachao

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd0199

Cited by 99 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Interestingly, in biomarker epidermal sensors based on interstitial fluid (ISF), some researchers have observed that calibrating the ISF biomarker concentration readouts with SSR would address potential ISF dilution by passive sweating, thereby improving the accuracy of measurement. [ 201 , 202 ] Therefore, to obtain more accurate results, researchers are encouraged to use SLMDs to determine SSR and calibrate the concentration readouts when monitoring sweat or ISF biomarkers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs

et al. 2021

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Wearable sweat sensors have received significant research interest and have become popular as sweat contains considerable health information about physiological and psychological states. However, measured biomarker concentrations vary with sweat rates, which has a significant effect on the accuracy and reliability of sweat biosensors. Wearable sweat loss measuring devices (SLMDs) have recently been proposed to overcome the limitations of biomarker tracking and reduce inter-and intraindividual variability. In addition, they offer substantial potential for monitoring human body homeostasis, because sweat loss plays an indispensable role in thermoregulation and skin hydration. Previous studies have not carried out a comprehensive and systematic review of the principles, importance, and development of wearable SLMDs. This paper reviews wearable SLMDs with a new health perspective from the role of sweat loss to advanced mechanisms and designs. Two types of sweat and their measurement significance for practical applications are highlighted. Then, a comprehensive review of advances in different wearable SLMDs based on hygrometers, absorbent materials, and microfluidics is presented by describing their respective device architectures, present situations, and future directions. Finally, concluding remarks on opportunities for future application fields and challenges for future sweat sensing are presented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs

et al. 2021

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“…There are other approaches such as bio-impedance spectroscopy [142], microwave spectroscopy [143], ultrasound [144], and heat propagation [145] which shows strong potentials to be commercialized, probably in coming years. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of any of these techniques, the demonstrators still have to become technologically more complete, they must be tested with a large number of individuals in real-world scenarios, and the measurement instability resulting from human physiological variability must be investigated.…”

Section: Miscellaneous Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Zafar

Channa

Jeoti

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach. As sweat sensors have garnered much interest in recent years, this study attempts to summarize recent developments in non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using sweat sensors based on different approaches with an emphasis on the devices that can potentially be integrated into a wearable platform. Numerous research entities have been developing wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, however, there are no commercially viable, non-invasive glucose monitors on the market at the moment. This review article provides the state-of-the-art in sweat glucose monitoring, particularly keeping in sight the prospect of its commercialization. The challenges relating to sweat collection, sweat sample degradation, person to person sweat amount variation, various detection methods, and their glucose detection sensitivity, and also the commercial viability are thoroughly covered.

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“…It diffuses from the blood capillaries and supplies nutrients, including glucose, to the surrounding cells, establishing a reliable correlation between blood and ISF glucose levels, and thus is increasingly used as a source of biomarkers. ISF-based glucose monitors developed in recent years have proven reliable and accurate in research studies 20 , 21 , but their relatively low level of integration limits their application beyond the benchtop. As activity tracking features (e.g., sleep patterns 22 , 23 , heart rate 24 , 25 , blood pressure 26 , 27 , and blood oxygen 28 , 29 ) become increasingly popular in wearable electronics, especially smartwatches and smart bands, ISF-based noninvasive glucose meters could be further consolidated and miniaturized into the form of a watch to better enable continual monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual glucose monitoring

Chang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Microsyst Nanoeng

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This article reports a highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual blood glucose monitoring. The watch employs a Nafion-coated flexible electrochemical sensor patch fixed on the watchband to obtain interstitial fluid (ISF) transdermally at the wrist. This reverse iontophoresis-based extraction method eliminates the pain and inconvenience that traditional fingerstick blood tests pose in diabetic patients’ lives, making continual blood glucose monitoring practical and easy. All electronic modules, including a rechargeable power source and other modules for signal processing and wireless transmission, are integrated onto a watch face-sized printed circuit board (PCB), enabling comfortable wearing of this continual glucose monitor. Real-time blood glucose levels are displayed on the LED screen of the watch and can also be checked with the smartphone user interface. With 23 volunteers, the watch demonstrated 84.34% clinical accuracy in the Clarke error grid analysis (zones A + B). In the near future, commercial products could be developed based on this lab-made prototype to provide the public with noninvasive continual glucose monitoring.

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A thermal activated and differential self-calibrated flexible epidermal biomicrofluidic device for wearable accurate blood glucose monitoring

Cited by 99 publications

References 50 publications

Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs

Wearable Sweat Loss Measuring Devices: From the Role of Sweat Loss to Advanced Mechanisms and Designs

Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring

Highly integrated watch for noninvasive continual glucose monitoring

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