A theory of threat and defense.

Hogan, Richard A.

doi:10.1037/h0057334

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The reciprocal relationship between threat and self-esteem, previously described by Hogan (1952), is also deserving of comment. As already indicated, there is some evidence to substantiate this concept.…”

Section: Self-estimates In Relation To Adjustment Rating and Threatmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…For them, feelings of selfadequacy are created by an absence of experiences inconsistent with the structure of self. Hogan (1952) elaborated upon Rogers' notion of threat by pointing out "when threat is spoken of, what is meant is threat to a related concept or value. "…”

Section: Concept Of Threatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The various tasks presented to each subject were intended also to yield data on the possible difference in construct usage associated with the various threat scores. Hogan (1952), for example, has postulated that "the disturbance occasioned by threat requires that the individual do something to resolve the threat. Threat is a motivating factor of prime importance."…”

Section: Threat As Conceived In the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of adjustments in adolescents: An extension of personal construct theory and methodology.

Kasper¹

1962

Psychological Monographs: General and Applied

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The primary purpose of this study was to explore the validity and reliability of a modified Role Construct Repertory Test (RCRT) (Kelly, 1955) as a diagnostic instrument, Of ultimate concern is the potential application of the instrument as a research tool. The present study may also be regarded as an attempt to study a role construct technique for its applicability to younger populations. To date,, the conventional RCRT has not received such attention.The RCRT is an outgrowth of Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory (PCT) and was first set forth as a method by which a person's construct system might be examined. A brief resume of those aspects of PCT most relevant to the present study is in order at this point.Every individual may be viewed as faced with the task of creating order in his phenomenal field. No person's thinking or perception can in reality remain completely fluid. Instead, people strive to lessen various complexities of the world about them. This iThis paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

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Section: Self-estimates In Relation To Adjustment Rating and Threatmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Concept Of Threatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Threat As Conceived In the Present Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of adjustments in adolescents: An extension of personal construct theory and methodology.

Kasper¹

1962

Psychological Monographs: General and Applied

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“…There is evidence that individuals desire feedback for self-evaluative processes (Festinger, 1954), particularly feedback which is consonant with their benefits and self-images (Adams, 1961;Ehrlich, Guttman, Schb'nbach, & Mills, 1957;Mills, Aronson, & Robinson, 1959). Under conditions of stress individuals may distort or deny feedback inconsistent with their self-image (Hogan, 1952;Hunt & Schroder, 1958;Goldstein, 1959;Schroder & Hunt, 1957). It also has been demonstrated that knowledge of results, that is, feedback, can be detrimental to the performance of the highly anxious person (Mandler & Sarason, 1952).…”

Section: University Of Wisconsinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance for unambiguous feedback.

Feldman¹,

Rice²

1965

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…Defense is conceived as a response to a threat whereby the individual maintains a sense of a secure self by denying or distorting the threatening experience [24]. A defensive reaction does not resolve the threat [26]; the threat may still be present, although it may be denied or distorted (usually minimized). Haan [27] felt that coping mechanisms are healthy while defense mechanisms reflect inadequate or pathological ways of dealing with a threat.…”

Section: Forest Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Forest experience and psychological health benefits: the state of the art and future prospect in Korea

Shin

Yeoun

Yoo

et al. 2009

Environ Health Prev Med

102

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The aims of this study were twofold: to examine the empirical evidence supporting the positive contribution that a forest environment can make on human psychological health and well-being and to describe the theoretical framework within which the forest environment has this effect. Our review of the literature provides empirical evidence that a forest experience can contribute to improved emotional and cognitive health.This experience can be through a forest activity program and by experiencing the social and physical conditions of the forest environment and the therapeutic elements of the forest. Visiting or viewing a forest scene has been documented to have a positive effect on psychological healing and well-being in terms of recovering from stress, improving concentration and productivity, improving the psychological state, particularly for people from urban environments. Wilderness and related studies clearly demonstrate that being in a forest environment has a positive effect on people, while results from other studies indicate that contacts with forest environments provide multiple positive physiological and psychological effects on human health that included decreasing the blood pressure and heart rate and reducing anxiety and stress. There are several theories explaining the healing effects of the forest on human beings. Most hypothesize that restorative environments are settings in which recovery is associated with the reduction of stress and that the benefits of contact with natures include a wide range of positive physiological and psychological responses. These theories are based on an evolutionary perspective and share a number of similarities and differences. This article summarizes a number of these theories of restorative environments as well as addresses the current status of forest therapy and the challenges and opportunities for therapeutic effects of the forest in Korea.

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A theory of threat and defense.

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

Measurement of adjustments in adolescents: An extension of personal construct theory and methodology.

Measurement of adjustments in adolescents: An extension of personal construct theory and methodology.

Tolerance for unambiguous feedback.

Forest experience and psychological health benefits: the state of the art and future prospect in Korea

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