A theory of memory that explains the function and structure of the cerebellum

Gilbert, Peter F.C.

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(74)90208-x

Cited by 214 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Our original lesion studies (Yeo et al 1984(Yeo et al , 1985b identified lobule HVI of cerebellar cortex to be especially involved in the production of CRs. An anatomical analysis of HVI (Yeo et al 1985c) indicated a convergence of conditioning-related information through mossy and climbing fiber inputs consistent with classical models that propose a motor learning role for the cerebellar cortex (Marr 1969;Albus 1971;Gilbert 1974Gilbert , 1975Ito 1982Ito , 1989. Recent electrophysiological analysis has mapped eye-blink microzones in lobule HVI of cats, and stimulation of these areas disturbs significantly the production of conditioned, but not unconditioned, eye blinks (Hesslow 1994a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Acquisition of a new-latency conditioned nictitating membrane response--major, but not complete, dependence on the ipsilateral cerebellum.

Yeo¹,

Lobo²,

Baum³

1997

Learn. Mem.

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Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR) of rabbits is simple associative learning of a motor response. In several two-stage experiments, reversible inactivations of the deep cerebellar nuclei in stage 1 appeared to prevent acquisition of NMR conditioning in naive rabbits no conditioned responses (CRs) were evident after inactivations were lifted in stage 2. Results of a three-stage experiment were different. When subjects were first trained with a light conditional stimulus (CS) in stage 1, reversible cerebellar inactivations during conditioning to a different, tone CS during stage 2 did not appear to prevent new learning because CRs to the tone CS were evident when the inactivation was lifted. Results from the two-stage experiments support the suggestion that the cerebellum is essential for the acquisition of NMR conditioning, but results from the three-stage experiment do not. Here, we use a three-stage design with different interstimulus intervals (ISis) in stages 1 and 2. Because CRs develop with latencies-to-peak dependent on the ISI, learning during stage 1 can be dissociated from that accruing in stage 2. Complete inactivation of the ipsilateral cerebellar nuclei with muscimol substantially but not completely prevented learning with the second ISI during stage 2 because small CR 1Corresponding author. peaks around the stage 2 ISI could be detected in some subjects after the inactivation had been lifted in stage 3. We suggest that the weak levels of conditioning possible during unilateral inactivation depend on the contralateral cerebellum or on extracerebellar circuitry and that these may be capable of supporting transfer of conditioning in a previous three-stage experiment. But, we confirm that normal NMR conditioning is critically dependent on the ipsilateral cerebellum.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Acquisition of a new-latency conditioned nictitating membrane response--major, but not complete, dependence on the ipsilateral cerebellum.

Yeo¹,

Lobo²,

Baum³

1997

Learn. Mem.

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“…The functional role of the high-frequency multiple spikes in climbing fibers is not known. Although the number of EPSPs produced by a climbing fiber burst may appear to offer a simple explanation for the number of spikelets of the complex spike (Mano, 1970;Gilbert, 1974), the number of spikelets was found to be unrelated to the number of EPSPs underlying the complex spike (Armstrong and Rawson, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Intraburst and Interburst Signaling by Climbing Fibers

Maruta

Hensbroek²,

Simpson³

2007

J. Neurosci.

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Although cerebellar Purkinje cell complex spikes occur at low frequency (ϳ1/s), each complex spike is often associated with a highfrequency burst (ϳ500/s) of climbing fiber spikes. We examined the possibility that signals are present within the climbing fiber bursts. By intracellularly recording from depolarized, nonspiking Purkinje cells in anesthetized pigmented rabbits, climbing fiber burst patterns were investigated by determining the number of components in the induced compound EPSPs during spontaneous activity and during visual stimulation. For our sample of 43 cells, Ͼ70% of all EPSPs were of the compound type composed of two or three EPSPs. During spontaneous activity, the number of components in each compound EPSP was not related to the latency to the succeeding compound EPSP. Conversely, the number of components in each compound EPSP was related to its latency after the preceding compound EPSP. This latency increased from 0.62 s for one-component EPSPs to 1.69 s for compound EPSPs with four or more components. The effect of visual stimulation on the climbing fiber activity was studied in 19 floccular Purkinje cells whose low-frequency interburst climbing fiber response was modulated by movement about the vertical axis. During sinusoidal oscillation (0.1 Hz, Ϯ10°), compound EPSPs with a larger number of components tended to be more prevalent during movement in the excitatory direction than in the inhibitory direction. Thus, climbing fibers can, in addition to modulation of their low interburst frequency, transmit signals in the form of the number of spikes within each high-frequency burst.

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“…A number of theories posit that plastic changes in cerebellar circuits support behavioral adaptation seen in motor learning tasks (Brindley, 1964;Marr, 1969;Albus, 1971;Gilbert, 1974;Ito, 2000). These have been supported by empirical demonstrations of motor learning-related cerebellar plasticity using electrophysiology in nonhuman primates (Gilbert and Thach, 1977;Ojakangas and Ebner, 1992;Greger and Norris, 2005;Soetedjo and Fuchs, 2006;Medina and Lisberger, 2009) and numerous functional neuroimaging studies in humans (Friston et al, 1992;Imamizu et al, 2000Imamizu et al, , 2003Ramnani et al, 2000;Ramnani and Passingham, 2001;Ungerleider et al, 2002;van Mier et al, 2004;Miall and Jenkinson, 2005;Penhune and Doyon, 2005;Puttemans et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar Plasticity and the Automation of First-Order Rules

Balsters¹,

Ramnani²

2011

J. Neurosci.

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Theories of corticocerebellar function propose roles for the cerebellum in automating motor control, a process thought to depend on plasticity in cerebellar circuits that exchange information with the motor cortex. Little is known, however, about automating behaviors beyond the motor domain. The present study tested the hypothesis that cerebellar plasticity also subserves the development of automaticity in behavior based on low-order rules. Human subjects were required to learn two sets of first-order rules in which visual stimuli of different shapes each arbitrarily instructed a particular finger movement. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan subjects while these response rules became increasingly automatic with practice, as assessed with a dual-task procedure. We found that the amplitude of the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal gradually decreased as a function of practice, as responses became increasingly automatic, and that this effect was greater for a set of rules that became automatic rapidly compared with a second set, which became automatic more slowly. These trial-by-trial activity changes occurred in Crus I of cerebellar cortical lobule HVIIA, in which neurons exchange information with the prefrontal cortex rather than the motor cortex. Activity in Crus I was time locked specifically to the processing of these rules, rather than to subsequent actions. The results support the hypothesis that decreases in cerebellar cortical activity underlie the automation of behavior, whether related to motor control and motor cortex or to response rules and prefrontal cortex.

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A theory of memory that explains the function and structure of the cerebellum

Cited by 214 publications

References 17 publications

Acquisition of a new-latency conditioned nictitating membrane response--major, but not complete, dependence on the ipsilateral cerebellum.

Acquisition of a new-latency conditioned nictitating membrane response--major, but not complete, dependence on the ipsilateral cerebellum.

Intraburst and Interburst Signaling by Climbing Fibers

Cerebellar Plasticity and the Automation of First-Order Rules

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