A Theory of Intermittent Vision

Ives, Herbert E.

doi:10.1364/josa.6.000343

Cited by 118 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…We make the axiomatic assumption that temporal integration and segregation arise from interactions not between the physical stimuli, but between the corresponding visual responses. The transfer from physical stimuli to visual responses is predicated on the assumption that, in its peripheral stages, the visual system acts as a linear temporal fIlter (Ives, 1922;Kelly, 1961). On this assumption, any given visual response can be represented as the output of a linear fIlter with input provided by the physical stimulus.…”

Section: The Temporal Correlation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal integration and segregation of brief visual stimuli: Patterns of correlation in time

Lollo

Hogben²,

Dixon

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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Two brief sequential displays separated by a brief interstimulus interval (lSI) are often perceived as a temporally integrated unitary configuration. The probability oftemporal integration can be decreased by increasing the lSI or (counterintuitively) by increasing stimulus duration. We tested three hypotheses of the relative contributions of stimulus duration and lSI to the breakdown of temporal integration (the storage, processing, and temporal correlation hypotheses). In the first of two experiments, stimulus duration and lSI were varied factorially, and estimates oftemporal integration were obtained with a form-part integration task. The second experiment was a replication ofthe first at two levels of stimulus intensity. The outcomes were inconsistent with the storage and processing options, but confirmed predictions from the temporal correlation hypothesis. Whether two sequential stimuli are perceived as temporally integrated or disjoint depends not on the availability of visible persistence, but on the emergence of a neural code that is based on the temporal correlation between the two visual responses. 373

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Section: The Temporal Correlation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal integration and segregation of brief visual stimuli: Patterns of correlation in time

Lollo

Hogben²,

Dixon

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Either implicit or explicit in the various sampling models are the assumptions that (1) there is some unidimensional sensory representation of the stimulus that materializes full-blown either at the instant of stimulus onset or shortly thereafter; (2) that in the absence of a mask, the representation decays, eventually to zero, with decay beginning at stimulus offset; and (3) that the magnitude of this sensory representation is constant during stimulus presence and independent of stimulus duration. Although this viewpoint is simple and mathematically convenient, it is at odds with a great deal of sensory literature which implies that (1) the sensory representation rises gradually, not abruptly, following stimulus onset; (2) the peak strength of the representation-and hence the onset of decay-occurs sometime after stimulus offset; and (3) the sensory representation's peak magnitude is positively related to stimulus duration (e.g., de Lange, 1952;Ives, 1922;Kelly, 1961;see Cornsweet, 1971, pp. 384-418, andWatson, 1986, for thorough discussions of this literature).…”

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confidence: 99%

Providing a sensory basis for models of visual information acquisition

Loftus

Busey

Senders

1993

Perception & Psychophysics

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Our major goal is to account for some simple digit-recall data with a theory that integrates two models from two scientific traditions. The random-sampling model, founded in the memory and attention literature, holds that (1) stimulus features are randomly sampled throughout the course of stimulus presence and (2) proportion correct recall is equal to the ratio of sampled features to total features. The linear-filter model, founded in the vision and sensation literature, holds that the initial stages of the visual system act as a low-pass temporal filter on the input stimulus, resulting in a time-varying sensory response in the nervous system. We report two experiments in which a variable-duration, masked, four-digit string had to be immediately recalled. Experiment 1 was designed principally to replicate past data confirming the basic randomsampling model. Like others, we were able to confirm the model only by endowing it with an additional processing-delay assumption: that feature sampling does not begin until the stimulus has been physically present for some minimal duration. Experiment 2 was an extension of Experiment 1 in which the target stimulus was preceded, 250 msec prior to its onset, by a 50-msec pre-presentation of the same stimulus called a prime. The Experiment 2 results allowed the following conclusions. First, the initial processing delay found in Experiment 1 is immutably tied to stimulus onset; that is, if there are two stimulus onsets, separated even briefly in time, there are two associated processing delays. Second, processing rate is essentially unaffected by the prime's presentation. Third, being presented with a 50-msec prime is equivalent, in terms ofmemory performance, to increasing unprimed stimulus duration by approximately 30 msec; the prime can thus said to be worth 30 msec of additional exposure duration. This third conclusion seems superficially paradoxical, in the sense that one would expect that having seen a 50-msec prime would be equivalent to increasing exposure duration by at least the same 50 msec. However, both the initial processing delays and the 30-msec prime's worth are natural consequences of our theory that conjoins the random-sampling model with the linear-filter model. Two fundamental questions in perception are, What is the nature of information acquisition that follows the onset of a stimulus, and how is such information acquisition influenced by other priming stimuli presented prior to the stimulus? In this article, we report two experiments that bear on both of these questions as they apply to a digitrecall task in which a four-digit string is presented for varying durations to an observer who must immediately recall as many of the digits as possible.Such tasks have often been accounted for by one form or another of a random-sampling model. Variants of random-sampling models have long enjoyed popularity, both in the learning literature (e.g., Neimark & Estes, 1967) and in the attention and perception literature (e.g., This research was supported by an NIMH gran...

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“…Ever since the introduction of sine-wave-modulated flicker to the study of temporal factors in vision (DeLange, 1952;Ives, 1922) and of the sine-wave grating to studies of spatial vision (e.g., Robson, 1966;Schade, 1956), the use of linear systems theory to characterize human performance in visual tasks has been widespread. An image-processing system can be useful in this kind of research, both as a tool for simulating models of human performance and for the generation of psychophysical stimuli.…”

Section: Sine-waves and Linear Systems Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%