The richness and the importance of Florence during the 14 th and 15 th centuries are well known all around the world. However only few people know that behind this richness there was a banking group -Banco de' Medici -managed similarly to a nowadays bank colossus. This paper presents an analysis of the governance and accountability systems of this bank. Based both on precious documents of the Florence State Archive and on the existing literature, this paper offers an in-depth study of one of the earliest examples in the world of a bank holding company. In order to understand both the true nature of the Banco de' Medici group and the links between holdings and subsidiaries, the governance and the accounting records of the main headquarters in Florence and the Lyon branch were investigated. This article contributes to literature shedding new light on the structure of this important bank, the relationship between the holding company and its subsidiaries and on the relationship between its majority and minority shareholders.
Keywords: Medici; Florence; Group of Companies; Banking
INTRODUCTIONuring the 14 th and 15 th century, Florence was not only the capital of culture but also the heart of the European financial system. A number of wealthy Florentine merchants, typically involved in traditional sectors such as the wool and silk trade, started to provide financial services to support international trade thus becoming merchant bankers (Brun, 1930;De Roover, 1941;Sapori, 1932). Some of them became so powerful that they were able to finance popes and kings, wars and alliances: the most important certainly were the Medici.The Medici family gradually expanded its banking activity internationally by establishing what nowadays would be defined as branches, not only within the Italian market -in cities like Rome, Venice, Milan, and Naples -but also throughout Europe in the most important European trade centres such as London, Geneva, Bruges, and Lyon. The Florentine bank headquarters, called "Tavola di Firenze", were responsible for coordinating international banking operations. The headquarters were known as the "Tavola di Firenze" (Table of Florence) because of the name "tavolieri" (seated at the table) given to the Florentine bankers, as they performed their business seated behind a counter or table.The accounting history of the Medici bank (Banco de' Medici) has not been widely studied, with the exception of the research carried out during the period between the 1940s and 1960s by De Roover (1955). This lack of interest is surprising, as the Medici Bank represents one of the first examples of a bank holding company, which employed accountability techniques and governance systems quite similar to those in practice today.Previous literature suggests that accounting systems not only provide quantitative information, they also reflect the economic, social and institutional context in which they were developed (Riccaboni et al., 2006). By examining the documentary sources of the Banco de' Medici -the first banking ...