A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship

Fischer, Eileen; Reuber, A. Rebecca; Dyke, Lorraine

doi:10.1016/0883-9026(93)90017-y

Cited by 725 publications

(654 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…These studies revealed that female-owned firms are typically small in size, consumer segment oriented, traditionally active in the services sector; and pursue slower-growth strategies [Minniti et al, 2005]. Some authors found that women-owned businesses also display lower economic performance than do male-owned firms [Fischer et al, 1993]. However, other scholars suggest that both female and male entrepreneurs perform similarly when a broader range of success outcome variables are considered (e.g.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland

Leszczyński

2016

International Journal of Management and Economics

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Women-owned businesses are one of the fastest growing categories of firms in the world, but they are greatly understudied in countries from the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) [Zapalska et al., 2005]. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between business success predictors and the performance of female-owned micro-enterprises from the Mazovia Voivodeship in Poland during the period 2011-2013, using an Internet-based survey questionnaire. The data were collected by the CAWI (computer assisted web interview) and CATI (computer assisted telephone interview) methods. Exploratory factor analysis, correlation coefficients analysis and multivariate regression models were deployed to investigate the empirical data.This study contributes to the limited body of literature on factors that positively affect the business performance of female entrepreneurial undertakings, using the context of the Polish experiences. Drawing on Gartner's [1985] typology and "the resource-based view of the firm" theory, a theoretical research model was developed and verified empirically using three multivariate regression models. "Model A" displayed the highest explanatory power of the predicted dependent variable "Composite business performance" (R 2 = 42,3).Our findings suggest that the most successful female business owners in the region were ideally 30-39 years old; completed a university education; had at least three years of business experience; displayed above average entrepreneurial orientation; and adopted a business strategy to deal with competitors. Moreover, the better performing women-owned micro-enterprises hired qualified and experienced employees ("hman capital"); offered 64products or services to domestic and international customers; were able to attract business sector clients; and had sufficient resources ("financial capital"). It is recommended that this research be replicated in other countries from the CEE region (e.g. Czech Republic) for comparative purposes.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 94%

Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland

Leszczyński

2016

International Journal of Management and Economics

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“…Although the level of education is largely similar for female and male entrepreneurs (Birley et al 1987;Fischer et al 1993), men tend to have higher levels of entrepreneurial experience (Kalleberg & Leicht 1991;Fischer et al 1993), financial management experience and industry experience (Fischer et al 1993;Verheul and Thurik 2001). It has also been argued that women and men do not have equal access to financial and social capital (Fischer et al 1993;Moore and Buttner 1997). Hence, women may be less productive than men because they had fewer opportunities to acquire different types of capital.…”

Section: Human Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Verheul

Carree²,

Thurik

2009

Small Bus Econ

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This paper investigates time allocation decisions in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs using a model that distinguishes between effects of preferences and productivity on the number of working hours. Using data of 1,158 entrepreneurs we find that the preference for work time in new ventures relates to start-up motivation, propensity to take risk and availability of other income. Productivity of work time relates to human, financial and social capital endowments and the prevalence of outsourcing activities. This study also evaluates actual profit effects 1 year after start-up. We find that on average women invest less time in the business than men. This can be attributed to both a lower preference for work time (driven by risk aversion and availability of other income) and a lower productivity per hour worked (due to lower endowments of human, social and financial capital).

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“…See Reynolds et al, 2002, p. 38. female-owned businesses have a lower performance in a number of areas relative to maleowned firms. Women-owned firms tend to engage in relatively underperforming sectors, such as retailing and services (U.S. Small Business Administration, 1995;OECD, 1998;Van Uxem and Bais, 1996), are smaller in size (Carter et al, 1997;Kalleberg and Leicht, 1991;Fischer et al, 1993;Verheul and Thurik, 2001), exhibit lower growth levels (Fischer et al, 1993;Hulshoff et al, 2001), have a higher rate of discontinuing, and report lower profits (Carter et al, 1997).…”

Section: Women In Businessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the macro level, female and male entrepreneurs appear to differ with respect to the type of entrepreneurial activity they engage in and the way in which they manage this activity (Verheul and Thurik, 2001; U.S. Small Business Administration, 1995;OECD, 1998;Carter et al, 1997;Kalleberg and Leicht, 1991;Fischer et al, 1993). In addition, the management literature indicates that, as compared to men, women tend to underrate their own performance (Wohlers and London, 1989;Lindeman et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image

Verheul

Uhlaner

Thurik

2005

Journal of Business Venturing

168

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Drawing on Bem's psychological theory of self-perception, this paper presents and tests a model that examines the impact of business accomplishments and gender on entrepreneurial self-image and explores the definition of entrepreneurship according to Vesper's entrepreneurial typology. Regression techniques are used to identify those business accomplishments that university alumni associate with self-perceptions of entrepreneurship. Experience as a small business person (founding, running, and/or owning a small business) most clearly predicts entrepreneurial self-image. Results also support predictions of both direct and indirect effects of gender as well as direct effects of education and business degree. Results of a separate expert panel study are used to rank business accomplishments according to degree of entrepreneurship. Results of both studies reveal stark contrasts in the implied definition of entrepreneurship between entrepreneurship experts (academic and practitioner alike) and the general business community (as represented by the alumni). This raises questions about the meaning of the term "entrepreneurship", what the word "entrepreneur", in particular, conveys to the general public, and the implications for practice and future research.

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A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship

Cited by 725 publications

References 15 publications

Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland

Exploration of Key Success Factors that Influence Business Performance: The Experiences of Women Micro-entrepreneurs from Mazovia Voivodeship of Poland

Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs

Business accomplishments, gender and entrepreneurial self-image

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