A text-book of psychology.

Titchener, Edward Bradford

doi:10.1037/10907-000

Cited by 75 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Some aspects of defusion and self-as-context resemble, or are derived from, practices within cognitive research such as those that establish a distanced self-perspective (e.g., Kross, Ayduk, & Mischel, 2005) and those that involve mindfulness (e.g., Teasdale, Segal, Williams, Ridgeway, Soulsby et al, 2000). But Titchener's (1916) rapid word-repetition technique (e.g., "milk, milk, milk") is perhaps the most well-known method for facilitating defusion. Within ACT, for example, clients might be encouraged to repeat negative content words rapidly (e.g., by saying "stupid, stupid, stupid").…”

Section: Defusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More direct evidence for defusion was generated by the first empirical investigation of the technique when Titchener's (1916) word-repetition exercise was recently used in the context of negatively evaluated self-referential content (Masuda, Hayes, Sackett, & Twohig, 2004). Specifically, undergraduate students were asked to generate two self-relevant negative thoughts that they found particularly disturbing (e.g., "I am too fat") and then to restate each thought in a single word (e.g., "fat").…”

Section: Empirical Evidence For Defusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Defusion Exercise: Coping With Negative and Positive Self-Statements

Healy

Barnes‐Holmes

et al. 2008

Psychol Rec

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Section: Defusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Empirical Evidence For Defusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Defusion Exercise: Coping With Negative and Positive Self-Statements

Healy

Barnes‐Holmes

et al. 2008

Psychol Rec

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“…Information from these three systems combines to form a unitary impression of flavor (Gibson, 1965;Titchener, 1909). To understand how the fused impression of flavor depends, psychophysically, upon various physical stimuli, one must understand the interactions of these systems when they are stimulated simultaneously and under independent control.…”

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confidence: 99%

Putting out the fire: Effects of tastants on oral chemical irritation

Stevens

Lawless

1986

Perception & Psychophysics

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Intense oral irritation, lasting 10 min or more, was induced by rinses with 1 or 2 ppm capsaicin or with 100 ppm piperine. Subjects judged the perceived irritation after these treatments while periodically rinsing their mouths with solutions of one offour tastants (quinine, sucrose, NaCl, or citric acid), with water, or with nothing (a "no-tastant" condition). The decay of perceived irritation over time was linear for piperine and exponential for capsaicin. The decline in irritation was fastest during trials with citric acid and with sucrose (but more so for sucrose in the capsaicin trials), intermediate for NaCl and water, and slowest for quinine and the no-tastant condition. Perceived irritation was generally lower while tastant solutions were held in the mouth (relative to irritation rated before sipping them or after expectoration), suggesting an inhibitory effect of oral cooling.

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“…The present findings provide additional evidence to previous experimental research (Masuda et al, 2004; unpublished manuscript) that verbal repetition is an effective cognitive defusion technique for achieving this goal. The significant decrease in the meaningfulness of contamination-related thoughts following verbal repetition suggests that this particular cognitive defusion technique is effective in temporarily disrupting the literal meanings of contamination-related words so that they are reappraised as less meaningful, as was suggested over ninety years ago by Tichener (1916).…”

Section: A Central Goal Of the Cognitive Defusion Techniques Used In mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…One cognitive defusion technique that is commonly used in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is the verbal repetition of a word or thought (Hayes et al, 1999). This technique has a long psychological history, beginning with Tichener (1916), who first described how the rapid repetition of a word or phrase can temporarily prevent access to its meaning. He suggested that with repetition, "the word soon becomes meaningless; the direction of attention has given a sort of hypnotic narrowness to consciousness, the associative context of the word is cut off, and the bare perception remains" (p. 425).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Verbal Repetition in the Reappraisal of Contamination-Related Thoughts

Watson

Burley

Purdon

2010

Behav. Cogn. Psychother.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is a therapeutic approach that emphasizes the alteration of the relationship one has towards one's thoughts, rather than attempting to change the content of thoughts. It seeks to promote the awareness of thinking as an ongoing relational process through cognitive defusion techniques. The verbal repetition of thoughts is a technique that has recently been shown in a single-case alternating treatment designs study to significantly reduce the believability and distress associated with self-relevant negative thoughts (Masuda, Hayes, Sackett, & Twohig, 2004). The present study compared the effects of verbal repetition with brief imaginal exposure and no intervention in reducing the believability, distress, and meaningfulness associated with contamination-related thoughts. Individuals with high levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms identified three distressing contamination-related thoughts and made ratings of belief, distress, and meaningfulness for each thought, using 100-mm visual analogue scales. They were then randomly assigned to receive verbal repetition, imaginal exposure, or no intervention, after which they completed ratings at post-intervention and one-week follow-up. Participants also completed a category membership decision task to determine whether verbal repetition and/or imaginal exposure produces semantic satiation, a temporary loss of the literal meaning of words. Significant reductions in belief, distress, and meaningfulness were observed following verbal repetition at post-intervention and there was some maintenance of these gains one week later. In contrast, no significant reductions were observed at post-intervention following either imaginal exposure or no intervention. However, significant reductions in ratings of belief and distress were observed one week later following imaginal exposure. A semantic satiation effect was iv observed for only verbal repetition, and although there was no evidence that this effect was associated with reductions in appraisal ratings at post-intervention, there was some indication of a relationship with follow-up appraisal ratings. Implications of these findings are discussed in relation to cognitive-behavioural theories of obsessivecompulsive disorder.v Acknowledgements

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A text-book of psychology.

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Defusion Exercise: Coping With Negative and Positive Self-Statements

An Experimental Test of a Cognitive Defusion Exercise: Coping With Negative and Positive Self-Statements

Putting out the fire: Effects of tastants on oral chemical irritation

Verbal Repetition in the Reappraisal of Contamination-Related Thoughts

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