A tether system for psychophysiological studies in the dog

Kearns, William D.; Better, Warren; Daley, L. A.; Anderson, David E.

doi:10.3758/bf03202021

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Each dog was maintained in a tether system in a 20 sq ft kennel. 18 After habituation to the kennel and training on an avoidance task, each dog was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitol (30 mg/kg), and a Silasticcoated polyvinyl chloride catheter was implanted in the aorta via a carotid artery. After the dog had recovered from surgery, the catheter, which exited from the body in the midscapular region, was attached to a pressure minitransducer (Statham P50) located in the dog's custom-fitted leather vest.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive hypertension in dogs by avoidance conditioning and saline infusion.

Anderson¹,

Kearns²,

Better³

1983

Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY A group of dogs was trained on a free-operant avoidance-conditioning task that evoked acute increases in arterial pressure and heart rate during each of three daily 30-minute sessions. After 15 days of exposure to this procedure under conditions of normal sodium intake, 24-hour mean levels of arterial pressure remained unchanged. Another group of dogs received continuous intrarterial infusion of isotonlc saline at a constant rate of 185 mEq/24 hrs for 15 days, but no avoidance sessions. Again, 24-hour mean levels of arterial pressure did not change significantly. However, 24-hour mean levels of systolic (19.5 ± 6.2 mm Hg) and diastolic (13.7 ± 2.9 mm Hg) pressure rose progressively over a 15-day period in a third group of dogs exposed concurrently to the avoidance schedule and saline infusion procedure. The progressive hypertension was accompanied by no consistent changes in heart rate. These experiments indicate that behavioral stress can potentiate sodium hypertension and provide a new method for the study of physiological and behavioral factors in long-term blood pressure control. (Hypertension 5:286-291, 1983) KEY WORDS • arterial pressure * avoidance conditioning • dogs * heart rate • hypertension • sodium D EVELOPMENT of a model of chronic experimental hypertension in large animals with intact renal functions has remained a formidable experimental challenge. Attempts to produce a "neurogenic" hypertension in primates by exposure to avoidance conditioning over periods of months have been successful on occasion, 1 -2 but other studies 3 -4 have been unable to replicate these results and have concluded that long-term elevations in blood pressure do not result from intermittent evocation of cardiovascular "defense" reflexes alone. Similarly, long-term increases in salt intake can produce sustained hypertension in rodents, 5 but the preponderance of evidence indicates that hypertension is very difficult to produce in larger animals by salt loading procedures. 6Over the past several years, studies in our laboratory have led to the hypothesis that a combination of avoid- ance conditioning and saline infusion could generate a reliable model of chronic experimental hypertension. These studies and others 7 " 1 ' have shown that free-operant avoidance conditioning procedures are associated with characteristic cardiovascular changes in chronically-instrumented dogs during intervals of hours immediately preceding, as well as during avoidance-performance sessions. The pre-avoidance response consists of a progressive rise in arterial pressure mediated solely by increases in total peripheral resistance, while heart rate and cardiac output remain stable or decrease. This response appears to be a peripheral concomitant of attention to the environment, since it occurs only in well-trained dogs who have learned to quietly await the onset of the avoidance session, and then initiate avoidance behavior promptly following the onset of the stimulus. By contrast, the avoidance performance session is associated with a ...

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive hypertension in dogs by avoidance conditioning and saline infusion.

Anderson¹,

Kearns²,

Better³

1983

Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Continuous cardiovascular monitoring and infusion of electrolytes were enabled in this 416 HYPERTENSION VOL 5, No 4, JULY-AUGUST 1983 environment by a custom-fitted leather vest worn by the subject, connected to a flexible, hollow, metal conduit, which ascended vertically to a swivel attached to an overhead, counterbalanced boom assembly. 14 The boom was affixed to a wall of the enclosure via a universal joint 7 feet above floor level. The boom moved in concert horizontally and vertically with the dog, maintaining minimal tension on the tether, and permitting freedom of movement in the kennel as well as protection for cardiovascular monitoring and stimulation apparatus.…”

Section: Subjects and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium infusion attenuates avoidance-saline hypertension in dogs.

Anderson¹,

Kearns²,

Worden³

1983

Hypertension

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY Previous studies have shown that a combination of avoidance conditioning schedules and increased intake of salt and water results in progressive hypertension in dogs within 14 days. The present experiments investigated the effects of increasing potassium intake upon blood pressure and heart rate of dogs made hypertensive by avoidance conditioning and salt-water loading. Two daily 30-minute sessions of free-operant avoidance conditioning were presented for 36 days during which isotonic saline was continuously infused into the arterial circulation (1.2 liters/day; 185 mEq Na + ). Daily mean levels of systolic ( to a combination of free-operant avoidance conditioning schedules and continuous infusion of isotonic saline results in progressive hypertension within 14 days, accompanied by no consistent changes in heart rate levels. '• 2 By contrast, exposure of dogs to avoidance schedules under conditions of normal sodium intake, or salt-water loading without avoidance stress, typically produces no significant blood pressure changes over the same time periods. This new model of rapidly-developing hypertension requires no specific genetic bias, surgical alteration of kidney functions, or administration of steroids.Several models of experimental hypertension have been developed previously in rodents which involve increases in salt intake but no systematic aversive stimulation. For example, significant blood pressure elevations have been observed as a function of salt feeding in rats with genetic bias, 3 ' 4 surgical alteration of renal

show abstract

“…& Anderson, 1981). Our report describes the adaptation of this technology to continuous monitoring of arterial pressure in the partially free ranging micropig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A tether system for cardiovascular studies with the behaving micropig

Anderson

Crowell

French

1992

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A tether system has been developed for continuous monitoring of blood pressure in the micropig. The micropig is a suitable model for blood-pressure research because of the similarity of its cardiovascular system to that of humans and because of its sensitivity to high sodium intake. The system consists of a metal boom, attached via a universal joint to a wall 6 ft above floor level, that extends horizontally to the center of the enclosure. A fluid and electronic swivel affixed to the boom is connected to a flexible, hollow, metal tether that descends to a vest worn by the micropig. The vest contains a pressure transducer to which an indwelling arterial catheter is connected via a stopcock. The transducer cable and an infusion line ascend through the interior of the tether to the swivel. The system remains in equilibrium through a system of pulleys and counterweights. Continuous, 24-h recording shows a diurnal variation characterized by higher heart rate but lower blood pressure during the day than at night. The system has been found to be effective for continuous studies over intervals of a month or more.

show abstract

A tether system for psychophysiological studies in the dog

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Progressive hypertension in dogs by avoidance conditioning and saline infusion.

Progressive hypertension in dogs by avoidance conditioning and saline infusion.

Potassium infusion attenuates avoidance-saline hypertension in dogs.

A tether system for cardiovascular studies with the behaving micropig

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About