A Test for the Possibility of Photosymbiosis in Extinct Fusuline Foraminifera: Size and Shape Related to Depth of Habitat

Groves, John R.; Pike, Madison; Westley, Kasey

doi:10.2110/palo.2012.p12-057r

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…This suggests that the wave base was not an effective barrier in differentiating size groups of brachiopod species. This finding is consistent with Groves et al (2012) who found…”

Section: How Important Was the Wave Base And Substrate Condition In Isupporting

confidence: 92%

Nearshore–offshore–basin species diversity and body size variation patterns in Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods

Shi

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2016

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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Body size is a fundamental and defining character of an organism, and its variation in space and time is generally considered to be a function of its biology and interactions with its living environment. A great deal of body size related ecological A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT2 and evolutionary research has been undertaken, mostly in relation to extant animals.Among the many body size-related hypotheses proposed and tested, the sizebathymetry relationship is probably the least studied. In this study, we compiled a global body size dataset of Changhsingian (Late Permian, ca. 254 Ma-252 Ma) brachiopod species from low-latitude areas (30°S30°N) and analyzed their species diversity and body size distribution patterns in relation to the nearshoreoffshorebasin bathymetric gradient. The dataset contained 1768 brachiopod specimens in 435 species referred to 159 genera and 9 orders, from 135 occurrences (localities) of 18 different palaeogeographic regions. Treating the whole of the Changhsingian Stage as a single time slice, we divided the nearshoreoffshorebasin bathymetric gradient into three broad depth-related environments: nearshore, offshore and basinal environments, and compared how the species diversity and body size varied along this large-scale bathymetric gradient.Here, we report an array of complex patterns. First, we found a clear overall inverse correlation between species diversity and water depth along the nearshoreoffshorebasin gradient, with most species concentrating in the nearshore environment. Second, when the median sizes of all low-latitude brachiopod species from the three environments were compared, we found that there was no significant size difference between the nearshore and offshore environments, suggesting that neither the wave base nor the hydrostatic pressure exerts a critical influence on the body size of brachiopods. On the other hand, the median sizes of brachiopods from the nearshore environment and, to a lesser extent, the offshore environment were A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT3 found to be significantly larger than that of basinal brachiopods. This trend of significant size reduction in basinal brachiopods mirrors the relative low species diversity in the basinal environment, and neither can be easily explained by the tendency of decreasing food availability towards deeper sea environments. Rather, both trends are consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) in the bathyal (slope to deepsea) environments, where hypoxic to anoxic conditions are considered to have severely restricted the diversification of benthos and favored the relative proliferation of small-sized brachiopods. Finally, a significant difference was also found between eurybathic and stenobathic species in their body size response to the nearshoreoffshorebasin gradient, in that eurybathic species (species found in all three environments) did not tend to change their body size significantly according to depth, whereas stenobathic...

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“…This suggests that the wave base was not an effective barrier in differentiating size groups of brachiopod species. This finding is consistent with Groves et al (2012) who found…”

Section: How Important Was the Wave Base And Substrate Condition In Isupporting

confidence: 92%

Nearshore–offshore–basin species diversity and body size variation patterns in Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods

Shi

Zhang

Shen

et al. 2016

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…Most fusulinids favored open shallow marine environments with warm and clear water (Ross, 1995), probably or partly due to the likelihood that photosymbionts within them required sunlight (Vachard et al, 2004; Groves et al, 2012). Accordingly, the inhospitable environmental factors for fusulinids likely include low temperature and specific carbonate facies related with hydrodynamics, depth, and sunlight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depauperate fusulinid faunas of the Tengchong Block in western Yunnan, China, and their paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental indications

Shi

Huang²,

Jin³

2016

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-New samples of fusulinids collected in the Tengchong Block, western Yunnan, China, are systematically studied and presented here. The fusulinid fauna from the Xishancun section in the Shanmutang area is dominated by Chusenella and Nankinella, whereas that from the Shuangheyan area is composed mainly of Chusenella and Schwagerina. Both faunas are dated as Roadian-Capitanian (middle Permian). These new findings are integrated with fusulinid taxa reported earlier from the block to demonstrate the taxonomic features and paleogeographic significance of Permian fusulinids. The low generic diversity through early and middle Permian and the paucity of middle Permian neoschwagerinids and verbeekinids in the block confirm its Gondwana-affinity attributes. Moreover, the Permian fusulinids of the Tengchong Block are depauperate; i.e., consisting of a limited number of species with abundant individuals. This particular feature commonly suggests an inhospitable environment, and carbonates of varied facies containing these faunas in the Tengchong Block suggest a facies-independent factor as the reason, most likely the relatively low temperature of seawater.

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“…Groves, Pike & Westley () proposed an indirect test for the presence of photosymbionts in Late Paleozoic fusuline Foraminifera based on the premise that deep‐dwelling photosymbiotic species should have higher surface : volume ratios to maximize exposure to light, whereas shallow‐water species should have lower surface : volume ratios because there is sufficient light so that even a small exposure of symbiont‐bearing parts is sufficient to sustain the partnership. Support for this hypothesis was found in an analysis of Late Carboniferous fusulines.…”

Section: Morphological Specializationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interpretation offered by Groves et al . () would be more persuasive if the size pattern observed in fusulines and other known photosymbiotic groups differed from that in nonphotosymbiotic groups.…”

Section: Morphological Specializationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of molluscan photosymbioses: a critical appraisal

Vermeij

2013

Biol J Linn Soc Lond

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Partnerships between animals and photosynthesizing microbes have evolved repeatedly, although their history, adaptations, and ecology remain controversial and little understood. In a critical review of 17 fossil and living clades of shell‐bearing molluscs with photosymbionts (two of them newly inferred), adaptive shell modifications and ecological aspects are discussed in the broader context of photosymbioses in other phyla. Fossil candidates have characteristics that are rare or unknown in living photosymbiotic molluscs, including cementation, porous shell microstructure, and epifaunal habits on carbonate muds. Many ancient photosymbioses may have lived in planktonically more productive environments than are typical of living tropical forms. This may be related to the late appearance (Early Eocene) of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium, which can thrive under highly oligotrophic conditions. Living photosymbiotic molluscs represent a small and atypical sample of all the photosymbiotic clades that have evolved. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 497–511.

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A Test for the Possibility of Photosymbiosis in Extinct Fusuline Foraminifera: Size and Shape Related to Depth of Habitat

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Nearshore–offshore–basin species diversity and body size variation patterns in Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods

Nearshore–offshore–basin species diversity and body size variation patterns in Late Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods

Depauperate fusulinid faunas of the Tengchong Block in western Yunnan, China, and their paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental indications

The evolution of molluscan photosymbioses: a critical appraisal

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