A Temporal Evolution Perspective of Lipase Production by Yarrowia lipolytica in Solid-State Fermentation

Abstract

Lipases are enzymes that, in aqueous or non-aqueous media, act on water-insoluble substrates, mainly catalyzing reactions on carboxyl ester bonds, such as hydrolysis, aminolysis, and (trans)esterification. Yarrowia lipolytica is a non-conventional yeast known for secreting lipases and other bioproducts; therefore, it is of great interest in various industrial fields. The production of lipases can be carried on solid-state fermentation (SSF) that utilizes solid substrates in the absence, or near absence, of free water and presents minimal problems with microbial contamination due to the low water contents in the medium. Moreover, SSF offers high volumetric productivity, targets concentrated compounds, high substrate concentration tolerance, and has less wastewater generation. In this sense, the present work provides a temporal evolution perspective regarding the main aspects of lipase production in SSF by Y. lipolytica, focusing on the most relevant aspects and presenting the potential of such an approach.

Biotechnological Valorization of Cupuaçu By-Products: Solid-State Fermentation for Lipase Production by Yarrowia lipolytica

“…Yarrowia lipolytica is a versatile and nonconventional dimorphic yeast. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration of the USA [8,9] and is considered a workhorse owing to its wide industrial applications [10]. Y. lipolytica can accumulate lipids and produce citric acid, isocitric acid, organic acids, lactones, erythritol, mannitol, and enzymes such as proteases and lipases [11][12][13].…”

“…Moreover, it has several advantages such as low protein breakdown (which is especially important if an enzyme is the target product), low energy requirements, low energy costs for sterilization, low fermenter volume, low catabolic repression, and high volumetric productivity. It also targets concentrated compounds, leading to lower costs related to downstream processes, high substrate concentration tolerance, and less wastewater [8,21]. However, a disadvantage of SSF is the difficulty in controlling parameters such as pH, temperature, and oxygen variation [22]; in addition, the product recovery may become more difficult [23].…”

“…Several agro-industrial by-products from vegetable oil extraction have been used as substrates for lipase production through SSF, including canola oil cake, soybean meal [30], jatropha [31], palm oil cake [32], watermelon peels [33], andiroba [34], babassu oil cake [35], and sunflower soapstocks [36]. As a general characteristic in lipase production, agroindustrial by-product substrates must have a considerable lipid content and composition, since the induction of enzyme production depends on the type of lipid used as a carbon source, which is the major factor for the expression of lipase activity [8,37,38].…”

Investigations for a Yarrowia-Based Biorefinery: In Vitro Proof-of-Concept for Manufacturing Sweetener, Cosmetic Ingredient, and Bioemulsifier

“…The growth of Y. lipolytica and the quantity, as well as the quality of the different metabolites it secretes, are influenced by various environmental factors. The environmental conditions, namely physicochemical (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and, osmotic stress), mechanical (agitation rate and pressure), and nutritional effectors (carbon and nitrogen sources and metal ions), have an impact on morphology and product formation (enzymes, citric acid, and lipid) [12]. Y. lipolytica is a strictly aerobic microorganism.…”

Post-Consumer Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) Depolymerization by Yarrowia lipolytica: A Comparison between Hydrolysis Using Cell-Free Enzymatic Extracts and Microbial Submerged Cultivation

“…Y. lipolytica is a nonconventional yeast widely studied for its intense secretory activity and ability to produce several biomolecules of industrial interest (e.g., organic acids, lipases, esterases and proteases) [ 19 , 20 ]. One of the major products of Y. lipolytica are lipases; the production of these enzymes by the yeast is reported either by submerged cultures or by solid-state fermentation (SSF) [ 19 , 21 ]. One of the great appeals of the SSF, which is characterized by the absence or near absence of free water in the system, is linked to the possibility of using residues and/or by-products from the agroindustry as a cultivation medium to obtain various biomolecules, directly impacting the associated costs to the process [ 22 , 23 ].…”