A temperature-dependent developmental model for a nucleopolyhedrosis virus of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Review of Vaccinia Virus and Baculovirus Viability Versus Virucides

“…Temperature has been observed to inhibit replication in some baculoviruses, such as Anticarsa gemmatalis Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (AgNPV) (10 *C and 40 *C), TnNPV (39 *C), and PrGV (36 *C) (Johnson et al, 1982;Moscardi, 1999). One explanation is that a similarity between the virus and insect host development temperature is expected; as temperatures rise higher than normally associated with the virus-insect relationship, virus replication becomes adversely affected.…”

Field efficacy of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): effect of formulations, water pH, volume and time of application, and type of spray nozzle

“…UV is reported to be the major factor contributing to the deactivation of baculoviruses (Jaques 1977). Furthermore, baculovirus infections on host insects may be (Johnson et al 1982). These authors reported that the effect of temperature may be related to the invasion and infection of the host insect by the virus or also to the increase in host cellular immunity due to low and high metabolic levels of the insect at low and high temperatures.…”

“…5). These results may be related to high plant height/foliar density when the treatments were applied, which might have blocked high intensity of solar radiation penetrating in the plant canopy and thus allowing higher persistence of activity of the applied virus, mainly on internal leaves (Johnson et al 1982). According to Yearian (1978), the degree of plant coverage and spray drift in applications of baculoviruses are influenced by the droplet size and the application volume, which in turn are affected by the type of spray equipment used, the type and quality of the spray nozzles, and the environmental conditions.…”

“…These may include: solar radiation, particularly the UV spectrum (Jaques 1977, Moscardi et al 1981, Silva 1987; relative humidity and precipitation (Jaques 1967(Jaques , 1977; age and population intensity of the host insect (Boucias et al1980, Moscardi 1983, Silva 1987; pH of the aqueous viral suspension in the spray tank (Young et al 1977, Ignoffo & Garcia 1966, Keating et al 1988, Batista 1997; temperature (Jaques 1977, Johnson et al 1982, Ignoffo 1985; and viral formulation, equipment and application technology (Yearian 1978, Silva 1986). Due to cases of low efficacy, particularly in Rio Grande do Sul, the treated area with the AgMNPV stabilized and even decreased in this state from mid 1990's.…”

Effect of pH, rearing temperature and sunlight on infectivity of Malaysian isolate of nucleopolyhedrovirus to larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…Even though most infections are favoured by high ambient temperatures (e.g. Johnson et al, 1982;Ribeiro and Pavan, 1994;Van Beek et al, 2000), there are cases, however, where high temperature can inhibit virus infection. The viruses had higher infectivity at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures as shown in NPV-infected Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Ignoffo, 1966;McLeod et al, 1977).…”