A technological roadmap to the ammonia energy economy: Current state and missing technologies

Ammonia Decomposition in a Gliding Discharge Plasma

“…Many studies are being carried out to find an ammonia synthesis method without a carbon footprint. [ 7,8 ] The ammonia produced in this way would be a clean and ecological hydrogen storehouse.…”

“…Ruthenium catalysts work at moderate temperatures of 400–450 °C, and the conversion of ammonia may reach ≈70%. [ 8 ] Catalysts deposited on bar‐modified zirconium oxide (Cs–Ru/Ba–ZrO 2 ), [ 12 ] magnesium–aluminum oxide of hydrotalcite (K–Ru/Mg 2 Al–LDO), [ 13 ] lanthanum oxide (Ru/La 2 O 3 ‐700‐i‐K), [ 14 ] or carbon nanotubes (Ru/CNTs) [ 15 ] are characterized by high activity in the ammonia decomposition reaction. Supported catalysts, in which the active phase is Ni, Co, or Fe are active at a temperature of ≈500 °C, the conversion of ammonia conversion does not exceed 79%.…”

Perspective on the hydrogen economy as a pathway to reach net-zero CO2emissions in Europe

“…As with hydrogen, there is strong advocacy for a ''methanol economy'' 115 or an ''ammonia economy''. 116,117 However, the different synthetic fuel candidates have fundamentally different properties and fuels are used in such a wide variety of applications, that the ambition of finding the ideal synthetic fuel of the future seems unachievable. Important aspects include the chain efficiency of the fuel synthesis and use with ''cradle-to-grave''-type system boundaries.…”

Challenges and Opportunities for Renewable Ammonia Production via Plasmon‐Assisted Photocatalysis

“…energy applications owing to its high energy density (13.6 GJ m −3 ) and easy transportation. [1][2][3][4][5] In nature, NH 3 is directly synthesized from atmospheric N 2 under ambient temperature and pressure conditions with the aid of nitrogenase enzymes. The large amount of energy (≈500 kJ) required to fix 1 mol of N 2 is directly obtained from the sun via photosynthesis.…”

“…Besides its agricultural applications (76% of the synthetic NH 3 is used to produce fertilizers), NH 3 is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic fibers, explosives, and numerous chemical compounds, and it also provides safe storage of hydrogen for energy applications owing to its high energy density (13.6 GJ m −3 ) and easy transportation. [ 1–5 ] In nature, NH 3 is directly synthesized from atmospheric N 2 under ambient temperature and pressure conditions with the aid of nitrogenase enzymes. The large amount of energy (≈500 kJ) required to fix 1 mol of N 2 is directly obtained from the sun via photosynthesis.…”