A technique system for the measurement, reconstruction and character extraction of rice plant architecture

Abstract

This study developed a technique system for the measurement, reconstruction, and trait extraction of rice canopy architectures, which have challenged functional–structural plant modeling for decades and have become the foundation of the design of ideo-plant architectures. The system uses the location-separation-measurement method (LSMM) for the collection of data on the canopy architecture and the analytic geometry method for the reconstruction and visualization of the three-dimensional (3D) digital architecture of the rice plant. It also uses the virtual clipping method for extracting the key traits of the canopy architecture such as the leaf area, inclination, and azimuth distribution in spatial coordinates. To establish the technique system, we developed (i) simple tools to measure the spatial position of the stem axis and azimuth of the leaf midrib and to capture images of tillers and leaves; (ii) computer software programs for extracting data on stem diameter, leaf nodes, and leaf midrib curves from the tiller images and data on leaf length, width, and shape from the leaf images; (iii) a database of digital architectures that stores the measured data and facilitates the reconstruction of the 3D visual architecture and the extraction of architectural traits; and (iv) computation algorithms for virtual clipping to stratify the rice canopy, to extend the stratified surface from the horizontal plane to a general curved surface (including a cylindrical surface), and to implement in silico. Each component of the technique system was quantitatively validated and visually compared to images, and the sensitivity of the virtual clipping algorithms was analyzed. This technique is inexpensive and accurate and provides high throughput for the measurement, reconstruction, and trait extraction of rice canopy architectures. The technique provides a more practical method of data collection to serve functional–structural plant models of rice and for the optimization of rice canopy types. Moreover, the technique can be easily adapted for other cereal crops such as wheat, which has numerous stems and leaves sheltering each other.

Quantitative descriptions of rice plant architecture and their application

“…Three hills from each plot were sampled on 27-February-2015 and 10-March-2015 (the early PI and last PI stage). The system developed by Li et al [ 28 ] was used to collect data on plant architecture, construct digital plant architecture ( S1 and S2 Data , S1 File ), reconstruct 3D visual plant architecture ( S1 and S2 Figs), accumulated leaf area index function along the Z-axis (VALAI(z)), and accumulated proportion function of the leaf area along the perpendicular-hill-axis (HALP (r)) were extracted using the virtual blade method with horizontal and cylindrical surfaces based on digital architecture [ 28 ], The VALAI(z) is leaf area on per unit ground area under the plant height z along Z-axis ( Fig 1 ). The HALP (r) is the proportion of the leaf area in a cylinder with a radius r to the total leaf area of the hill, where hill axis was the reference for measuring the radius ( Fig 2 ).…”

Visualization Methods of 3D Plant Models: A Systematic Mapping Study

“…e geometric models of plant morphology, organs, and root systems rely on the establishment of mathematical equations. For example, Li et al [23] used the number of pixel columns and rows of the leaf image to convert the real-coordinate quadratic function equation of each pixel to establish the leaf geometry model. Han et al [29] used the measured crown profile data of each tree to compile a visualization model to form a tree visualization geometry.…”

“…e combination type not only meets the needs of visual demonstration of plants but also needs to provide visual analysis and reference for the morphological changes of plants at different growth stages. e digital information of the corresponding growth stage of the plant is extracted through data collection and image capture to study the phenotype and structure of the plant [23]. is category occupies a small proportion in the functional classification of visualization models.…”

Leaf shape simulation of castor bean and its application in nondestructive leaf area estimation

“…The sample group Zibi5 was used for the model development, discussion and application, and others were used for discussion and application partly. (1280×1024 pixel resolution) with the instrument described [15] . Leaf binary images were obtained after differential operation of the image and background.…”