A taxonomy of cyber-harms: Defining the impacts of cyber-attacks and understanding how they propagate

An Investigation of Misinformation Harms Related to Social Media during Two Humanitarian Crises

“… Connection harm Suffering from interrupted social connections with family, friends or working partners. Agrafiotis et al 2018 . Isolation harm Suffering due to social isolation from the community.…”

“… Isolation harm Suffering due to social isolation from the community. Agrafiotis et al 2018 . Safety harm Exposure to dangers such as identity thefts and consequences Sandvik et al 2017 .…”

“…Prior literature on misinformation harms during humanitarian crises is scarce (Tran et al 2019 ). Agrafiotis et al ( 2018 ) created a structural taxonomy of harms in the context of organizations rather than in the context of humanitarian crises. They defined five main categories of harms and their sub categories, including physical or digital harms, economic harms, psychology harms, reputational harms, and social or societal harms.…”

“…To ensure enriched quality of data (Love et al 2020 ; Ma et al 2020 ), in this paper, we have recruited participants that have knowledge and experience as well as exposure to the actual context of that topic. We have surveyed (Agrafiotis et al 2018 ) participants that are victims of the crises (or referred to in this paper as “victims); and (Alexander 2018 ) participants that have existing crisis related working experience (referred to as “crisis responders”). We believe that victims can provide first-hand organic insight into perceptions of harms based on their own experience facing crises’ hazards and vulnerabilities.…”

“…Research that focuses on misinformation harms has gained attention in the recent past. Agrafiotis et al ( 2018 ), Elliott ( 2019 ) and Ohlhausen ( 2017 ) discuss misinformation harms, but not including humanitarian crises. Other scholars have addressed disinformation occurring during the COVID 19 pandemic (Love et al 2020 ; Motta et al 2020 ; Ma et al 2020 ).…”