A Taxonomy for Analysing Smart Cities Developments in Greece

Incentives for the Adoption of E-Government by Greek Municipalities

“…Also, the need for technology upgrades is a reality for the greek Municipalities, as also observed by Goulas and Kontogeorga (2009). Although most Municipalities declared that more than € 50,000.00 is spent on ICT and e-government, the lack of financial resources, as pointed out in the responses of the Municipal Representatives remains an impediment (Moon, 2002;Beynon-Davies and Martin, 2004;Hahamis et al, 2005;Ganapati and Reddick, 2014;Alexopoulos et al, 2018). On the other hand, according to Goulas and Kontogeorga (2009), the e-government is not at an advanced stage due to the lack of exploitation of EU funding programmes and that is also confirmed by the survey conducted.…”

“…Previous studies also confirm that the main obstacle to adoption of e-government is the lack of financial opportunities (Moon, 2002;Beynon-Davies and Martin, 2004;Hahamis et al, 2005;Previtali and Bof, 2009;Kamal et al, 2009;Alexopoulos et al, 2018), since a change at community level requires a huge amount of resources from multiple sources of funding (Chen et al, 2009) and the successful egovernment implementation occurs when the organization provides sufficient funding (Gallego-Alvarez et al, 2010;Warf, 2014;Ma, 2014).…”

“…This study identified the barriers faced by municipalities and the most significant finding was the shortage of staff (Moon, 2002) as the overwhelming majority of municipalities employ 1 to 3 people for the development and implementation of egovernment services. Another major barrier to improving the performance of the egovernment is the lack of appropriate skills in the workforce (Moon, 2002;Hahamis et al, 2005;Ganapati and Reddick, 2014;Alexopoulos et al, 2018). Also, the need for technology upgrades is a reality for the greek Municipalities, as also observed by Goulas and Kontogeorga (2009).…”

“…Moreover, a large number of researches investigate individual factors such as: per capita income (Youngblood και MacKiewicz, 2012), type of agency and governance (Moon, 2002;Pina, 2007;Reddick and Norris, 2013b;Bonsón et al, 2015, Feeney andBrown, 2017), geographical location (Nasi et al, 2011), race, metropolitan status (central city, suburban), population size, education (Reddick and Norris, 2013b), lack of knowledge and skills, average age of users (Choudrie et al, 2013), socio-economic status and socio-demographics population characteristics (Lev-On and Steinfeld, 2015), organizational size, internet penetration rate, regional competition (Ma, 2013), communication processes management with other authorities (Hultèn and Björkstrand, 2009), initiation, municipal actualization and rapid scaling-up (Chen et al, 2009) and political stability (Gallego-Alvarez et al, 2010). Microblogging has been studied by Ma (2014) and the use of ICT by Hahamis et al (2005), while other researchers focused on e-government experience (Reddick and Norris, 2013b), sufficient ICT staff, and a dedicated team (Carrizales et al, 2011, Warf, 2014Alexopoulos et al, 2018), effective ICT training and support, the ability to organize effective interfaces with end users (Arduini et al, 2010) and finally the implementation and exploitation of funded programs (Goulas and Kontogeorga , 2009).…”

“…This is because online information reduces administrative burdens and increase efficiency (Ganapati and Reddick, 2014). The development of e-government is also influenced by the internal characteristics and development of public administration and organizational complexity (Gallego-Alvarez et al, 2010;Alexopoulos et al, 2018;Arduini et al, 2013). Thus, it is proposed:…”