A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Azevedo, Guilherme H. F.; Ott, Ricardo; Griswold, Charles E.; Santos, Adalberto J.

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.1

Cited by 1,521 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Similar morphological variation (Fig 3d-3h) has been observed in Jacaena, (Liocranidae) [54]. Apparent CA has also been observed in Apopyllus (Gnaphosidae) [27], Neoantistea and Mastigusa (Hahniidae) [84,86,87], Moreno (Prodidiomidae) [88], and Trachelas (Trachelidae) [29,48,49]. However, the variation within each species is not known, therefore, their categorization as CA is highly tenuous.…”

Section: Chaotic Asymmetry (Ca)supporting

confidence: 63%

“…[26]. d) Gnaphosidae: Apopyllus gandarella; modified from Azevedo et al [27]. e) Hahniidae: Iberina difficilis; modified from Harm, 1966 [28].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of Apopyllus, female ducts show slight asymmetries between right and left sides and authors mention internal variation between conspecific females. This genus also shows intraspecific variation in the RTA and external genitalia and it is hypothesized to be an instance of male-female coevolution [27] which could be further explained by mechanical fit of genitalia during copulation in a female choice context sensu Eberhard [103] (see also the discussion on PLOS ONE DA in T. politus).The cases of Cithaeron indicus [50], Moreno ramirezi [88] and both Neoantistea [84] species are doubtful; in the former, the male is not known, and in Moreno and Neoantistea, species were described based on just one female or variation was not documented. Therefore, the observed asymmetry could be fluctuating, antisymmetric, a developmental abnormality or even an artifact of preparation.…”

Section: Chaotic Asymmetry (Ca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

2020

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Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. In spiders, genital asymmetry appears to be especially rare. Most known species show almost perfectly symmetrical genitals with the right and left sides being mirror images of each other. However, some examples of asymmetric genitalia have been studied and many other reports are scattered in the taxonomic literature. Based on a broad literature survey, we found several species in thirteen families with evidence of genital asymmetry, mostly expressed only in females. Our review suggests that spider genital asymmetries, although rare, are more common than previously thought and taxonomic descriptions and illustrations are a useful but not entirely reliable tool for studying them. Here we also report on directional asymmetry in the liocranid spider Teutamus politus, the first known case of morphologically asymmetric male genitals in Entelegynae spiders. Generalities, evolution and categorization of asymmetry in spiders are further discussed.

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Section: Chaotic Asymmetry (Ca)supporting

confidence: 63%

“…[26]. d) Gnaphosidae: Apopyllus gandarella; modified from Azevedo et al [27]. e) Hahniidae: Iberina difficilis; modified from Harm, 1966 [28].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chaotic Asymmetry (Ca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

2020

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“…Several works have brought substantial contributions toward solving the taxonomy of Gnaphosidae, especially regarding the New World fauna (Platnick and Shadab, , , ; Platnick, ; Ferreira et al., ; Ott, , ; Ott et al., ; Jorge et al., ; Azevedo et al., ), and therefore many genera are well delimited. However, the phylogenetic relationships among gnaphosid genera remain obscure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)

2017

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Gnaphosidae Pocock are a very diverse spider family with remarkable spinning organ morphology. Although the family has received intense taxonomic attention in recent years, its intergeneric relationships remain obscure. A phylogenetic analysis of Gnaphosidae genera was performed to untangle the evolutionary history of the family. A matrix of 324 morphological characters, scored for 71 gnaphosid genera and 29 outgroup taxa, was analysed through parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Gnaphosidae are not recovered as a monophyletic group, neither were most of the previously proposed intrafamiliar groupings. In accordance with the phylogenetic results obtained, Vectius Simon and Hemicloea Thorell are transferred to Trochanteriidae, and Xenoplectus Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin to Liocranidae. Micaria Westring, Nauhea Forster and Verita Ram ırez & Grismado (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, although their phylogenetic placement is uncertain. Gnaphosidae s.s. are defined as spiders with enlarged piriform gland spigots, longer and wider than the major ampullate gland spigots. Within Gnaphosidae s.s., well-supported clades allow the redefinition, on the basis of quantitative phylogenetic evidence, of Gnaphosinae Pocock, Zelotinae Platnick, Herpyllinae Platnick, Drassodinae Simon, Prodidominae Simon rank res. and the newly proposed Leptodrassinae subfam. nov. Many genera are not assigned to subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships. The homology and evolution of structures such as the claw tuft clasper, the spinning organs and the modification of cheliceral promargin are discussed.

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“…A similar configuration is present in some cobweb spiders (Theridiidae), in which broken emboli are frequently observed near the entrance of the spermatheca, where the copulatory ducts are more sclerotized [ 59 , 60 ]. Other spider species follow a similar pattern ([ 61 , 62 ] and references therein for more spider examples). Female cryptic choice and sexual conflict have been proposed as possible mechanisms for the evolution of such a genital design of males and females [ 1 , 13 , 16 , 63 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Copulatory behaviour and genital mechanics suggest sperm allocation by a non-intromittent sclerite in a pholcid spider

et al. 2023

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The male genitalia of pholcid spiders, which is one of the most species-rich spider families, are characterized by a procursus, which is a morphologically diverse projection of the copulatory organ. It has been shown that the procursus interacts with the female genitalia during copulation. Here, we investigate the function of the procursus in Gertschiola neuquena , a species belonging to the early branched and understudied subfamily Ninetinae, using behavioural and morphological data. Although many aspects of the copulatory behaviour of G. neuquena follow the general pattern described for the family, males use only one pedipalp during each copulation. Based on our micro-CT analysis of cryofixed mating pairs using virgin females, we can show that the long and filiform procursus is inserted deeply into the unpaired convoluted female spermatheca, and the intromittent sclerite, the embolus, is rather short and stout only reaching the most distal part of the female sperm storage organ. Histological data revealed that sperm are present in the most proximal part of the spermatheca, suggesting that the procursus is used to allocate sperm deeply into the female sperm storage organ. This represents the first case of a replacement of the sperm allocation function of the intromittent sclerite in spiders.

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A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Cited by 1,521 publications

References 1 publication

Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Systematics and evolution of ground spiders revisited (Araneae, Dionycha, Gnaphosidae)

Copulatory behaviour and genital mechanics suggest sperm allocation by a non-intromittent sclerite in a pholcid spider

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