A taxonomic revision of Antillean Symplocos (Symplocaceae)

Fritsch, Peter W.; Al, Frank

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.194.1.1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…The first dispersal resulted in the Greater Antillean endemic distribution of Urbaniocharis . The seven species of this clade (Fritsch & Almeda, in press) occur in montane cloud forests and are often found only at the very tops of isolated peaks. The second dispersal, also from North America, occurred within Hopea and resulted in the distribution of the Cuban and Lesser Antillean endemics Symplocos salicifolia Griseb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because no direct land routes have connected North America with the Antilles (Iturralde‐Vinent & MacPhee, ), the ancestors of the present‐day Antillean species presumably dispersed across short oceanic gaps from the closest mainland areas in either Mesoamerica or Florida. The third dispersal, most likely from North America but possibly from South America, resulted in the distribution of the six Antillean species (Fritsch & Almeda, in press) within the large and widespread clade Symplocastrum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Northern Hemisphere origins of the amphi‐Pacific tropical plant family Symplocaceae

Fritsch

Manchester

Stone

et al. 2014

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim We sought to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the amphi-Pacific tropical disjunct plant family Symplocaceae in the context of competing Northern Hemisphere (boreotropical) versus Southern Hemisphere (West Gondwanan) hypotheses for its origin and spread.Location Americas, western Pacific Rim, fossil localities in Europe.Methods We derived a dated phylogeny using a relaxed clock on a data set of 114 terminals, four genic regions (three plastid regions and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region) and six fossil calibrations. We inferred ancestral geographical ranges with maximum likelihood under a dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model, with the probability of dispersal constrained by areal distance and palaeogeography.Results We inferred a Eurasian origin for crown-node Symplocaceae at c. 52 Ma, followed by dispersal to North America (including Mesoamerica) at c. 52-38 Ma. Most of the highest likelihood intra-American dispersals recovered in the analysis trended from north to south, with none from south to north. Six intra-American dispersals were inferred to have originated in North America, with lineages either terminating in the Antilles or migrating to South America at various times. One additional North American lineage emigrated back to Eurasia in the late Miocene. Main conclusionsThe predominantly southwards American migrations inferred here for the Symplocaceae conform to the boreotropics hypothesis, apparently driven by cooling and drying climates in the later Cenozoic. The inferred Eurasian origin for the family corroborates a more specific European origin, as suggested independently by its fossil fruit record. Of the lineages ultimately arriving in South America from North America, two are inferred to have migrated through the Antilles (by island-hopping) and three through Mesoamerica. The timing of one of the Mesoamerican events, inferred to be between 8.9 and 7.5 Ma, implies over-water dispersal under the prevailing model of Isthmus of Panama formation, but also accords with overland migration under a model of earlier formation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Northern Hemisphere origins of the amphi‐Pacific tropical plant family Symplocaceae

Fritsch

Manchester

Stone

et al. 2014

Journal of Biogeography

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“…The fossil can be excluded from sect. Symplocos based on the combination of its large size (thus excluding series Urbaniocharis, the species of which have corollas < 10 mm long 45 ), the non-monadelphous stamens (in series Symplocos, stamens are connate roughly halfway), and the androecial adnation merely at the base of the corolla (androecium is adnate about halfway to the corolla in series Symplocos). Moreover, within series Symplocos, the informal group (clade) "Neosymplocos" is distinguished from the fossil by its pubescent filaments 40 .…”

Section: Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The largest amber-preserved flower revisited

Sadowski

Hofmann

2023

Sci Rep

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Amber exquisitely preserves the delicate organs of fossil flowers for millions of years. However, flower inclusions can be rare and usually do not exceed 10 mm in size. Here we report an exceptionally large flower from late Eocene Baltic amber, measuring 28 mm across, which is about three times as large as most floral inclusions. This fossil was described over 150 years ago as Stewartia kowalewskii (Theaceae) and has never been revised. The analysis of pollen extracted from the anthers of the flower inclusion, however, revealed strong affinities to Asian species of Symplocos (Symplocaceae), prompting the new combination Symplocos kowalewskii comb. nov. et emend. This fossil represents the first record of Symplocaceae from Baltic amber and supports affinities of its flora to evergreen broadleaved and mixed mesophytic forests of present-day East and Southeast Asia. The rarity of such large-sized flower inclusions is likely due to the size of the resin outpouring and its properties, which might affect the embedding of plant organs.

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The fossil genus Aextoxicoxylon (Magnoliopsida) in the Upper Cretaceous Puntudo Chico Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina

Vera

Loinaze

Llorens

et al. 2020

Cretaceous Research

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A taxonomic revision of Antillean Symplocos (Symplocaceae)

Abstract: A taxonomic revision of Antillean Symplocos (Symplocaceae) (Phytotaxa 194) 67 pp.; 30 cm.

Cited by 4 publications

References 41 publications

Northern Hemisphere origins of the amphi‐Pacific tropical plant family Symplocaceae

Northern Hemisphere origins of the amphi‐Pacific tropical plant family Symplocaceae

The largest amber-preserved flower revisited

The fossil genus Aextoxicoxylon (Magnoliopsida) in the Upper Cretaceous Puntudo Chico Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina

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