A tandem ionic liquid‐based dispersive microextraction method using in‐syringe air‐assisted vesicle system for rapid determination of lead and cadmium in artificial sweat extract of facial cosmetic products

Abstract

In the present study an innovative tandem ionic liquid‐based dispersive microextraction method using an in‐syringe air‐assisted vesicle system was developed to determine the ultra‐trace levels of lead (PbII) and cadmium (CdII) ions in synthetic sweat extract of branded and nonbranded facial cosmetic products. This method is based on injecting 2‐amino‐3‐sulfhydrylpropanoic acid (l‐cysteine) (as an eco‐friendly chelating agent), hexafluorophosphate ion [PF6−] (as an ion pair agent) and 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [HMIM] [PF6] (as an acceptor phase) into the synthetic sweat extract of facial cosmetic products (branded and nonbranded). The acceleration of the dispersion process was carried out by rapid pressure in the syringe through the back‐and‐forth movement of plunger. The sediment phase was removed following centrifugation, and then hydrophobic complexes of analyte were back‐extracted into HNO3 and finally injected into a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Several factors were systematically optimized. The validity of the methodology was tested by analyzing spiked known standards of both metals in a real sample. The proposed method was applied to the artificial sweat extracts of face makeup products, indicating how much toxic metals from different cosmetics are directly absorbed into skin.

Risk assessment of trace metals in sunblock creams using DABCOnium-based ionic liquid–functionalized magnetic nanoparticles

“…A recovery of 97.84–102.36% from the MD-μ-SPE was better than that of other extraction methods. A further comparison of the developed method with the existing methods indicated that the RSDs were similar to those of the tandem ionic liquid–based dispersive microextraction method using a syringe air–assisted vesicle system (TIL-DμE-ISAVS) method 55 and higher than those of DLLME, 56 M-SPE 57 and SPE 58 methods. Moreover, the methods using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) 56,59 for analyte extraction do not report reusability tests; but in the MD-μ-SPE method, the sorbent is reusable (up to eight cycles).…”

Insights into Health Risks of Face Paint Application to Opera Performers: The Release of Heavy Metals and Stage-Light-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species

“…Although the content of HMs in daily facial cosmetics has been measured in several investigations (Supporting Information, Table S6), only a few studies have assessed the bioaccessibility of HMs in cosmetics resulting from dermal contact. For example, the bioaccessibility of Cr in eyeshadows was 0.01%, while that of Cr and Pb in face powder was undetectable, , and the IVBA dermal of Pb in foundation cream was similar to that in face paints incubated in the dark. It was difficult for HMs in other non-facial products that may still come into contact with human skin to migrate into sweat, such as ceramics and alloys with high content of Cr .…”

Semi-quantitative health risk assessment of heavy metal dust exposure among nail technicians using the SQRA technique and Monte Carlo simulation

“…Hazardous heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, mercury, chromium, and iron have been identified in various personal care products, including lip balms, teeth whitening products, eyeliners, and nail polish (Ackah, 2015; Alam et al, 2019; Karimi and Ziarati, 2015; Ouremi and Ayodele, 2014). The use of cadmium and lead in cosmetics is currently being studied due to their potential neurological and carcinogenic effects on humans (Lead is IARC Group 2A, and cadmium is Group 1) (Akhtar et al, 2020; Järup, 2003). Lead toxicity may result in anemia, colic, neuropathy, nephropathy, and infertility.…”