A systems analysis of irrigation water quality in an environmental assessment of an E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in the United States linked to iceberg lettuce

Landscape, Water Quality, and Weather Factors Associated With an Increased Likelihood of Foodborne Pathogen Contamination of New York Streams Used to Source Water for Produce Production

“…Over the last two decades, the occurrence of multiple foodborne disease outbreaks linked to contamination of preharvest produce by wildlife (Cody et al, 1999;Jay et al, 2007;Kangas et al, 2008;Laidler et al, 2013;Kwan et al, 2014) or surface water (e.g., during irrigation; Gelting et al, 2011Gelting et al, , 2015Mody et al, 2011;Lundqvist et al, 2013;FDA, 2019) have highlighted the role of wildlife and surface water as on-farm sources of foodborne pathogens. As part of the traceback investigation during a 2006 Escherichia coli outbreak linked to bagged spinach, the outbreak strain was isolated from both feral pig feces and preharvest water from the implicated farm (Jay et al, 2007).…”

Assessment of irrigation water quality and microbiological safety of leafy greens in different production systems

“…Sources of water used for irrigation can include rain, ground, surface, and wastewater (Gelting et al, ; Ijabadeniyi, Debusho, Van der Linde, & Buya, ). Presence of pathogens in these water sources has recently attracted attention (Uyttendaele et al, ) due to the associated disease outbreaks linking contaminated water with fresh produce (Gelting et al, ). Irrigation water contaminated with animal feces and human waste is considered one possible route of preharvest vegetable contamination (Olaimat & Holley, ).…”

“…Preharvest sources include contaminated soil or irrigation water, inadequately composted manure or reconstituted pesticide sprays using contaminated water (Olaimat & Holley, 2012). Sources of water used for irrigation can include rain, ground, surface, and wastewater (Gelting et al, 2015; Ijabadeniyi, Debusho, Van der Linde, & Buya, 2011). Presence of pathogens in these water sources has recently attracted attention (Uyttendaele et al, 2015) due to the associated disease outbreaks linking contaminated water with fresh produce (Gelting et al, 2015).…”

Applying the water safety plan to water reuse: towards a conceptual risk management framework

“…26,[41][42][43] Water reuse guidelines, standards and research programmes are increasingly referring to and promoting the use of the WSP or a Water Reuse Safety Plan (WRSP) for both potable and non-potable water reuse schemes. This is particularly the case in North America 13,[44][45][46][47][48] and Europe. 1,16,27,[49][50][51][52][53] To date, however, there are relatively few documented examples of the application of a WSP-based approach (based on the WHO guidelines) to water reuse.…”