A Systemic Review of the Roles of n-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease

Riediger, Natalie D.; Othman, Rgia A.; Suh, Miyoung; Moghadasian, Mohammed H.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.12.022

Cited by 589 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 157 publications

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“…In support of this notion, serum levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol were decreased in control piglets in the present data. Among these decreased fatty acids, linoleic acid (18:3ω6) is an important precursor of longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (20:4ω6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3), which are essential for the normal growth and development of infants (Riediger et al, 2009). Additionally, oleic acid can interact with insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which play important roles in normal growth (Tichelaar, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Xiao

Hong

et al. 2012

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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A novel metabolomic method based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to determine the metabolites in the serum of piglets in response to weaning and dietary L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation. Thirty-six 21-d-old piglets were randomly assigned into three groups. One group continued to suckle from the sows (suckling group), whereas the other two groups were weaned and their diets were supplemented with 1% (w/w) Gln or isonitrogenous L-alanine, respectively, representing Gln group or control group. Serum samples were collected to characterize metabolites after a 7-d treatment. Results showed that twenty metabolites were down-regulated significantly (P<0.05) in control piglets compared with suckling ones. These data demonstrated that early weaning causes a wide range of metabolic changes across arginine and proline metabolism, aminosugar and nucleotide metabolism, galactose metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, and fatty acid metabolism. Dietary Gln supplementation increased the levels of creatinine, D-xylose, 2-hydroxybutyric acid, palmitelaidic acid, and α-L-galactofuranose (P<0.05) in early weaned piglets, and were involved in the arginine and proline metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. A leave-one-out cross-validation of random forest analysis indicated that creatinine was the most important metabolite among the three groups. Notably, the concentration of creatinine in control piglets was decreased (P=0.00001) compared to the suckling piglets, and increased (P=0.0003) in Gln-supplemented piglets. A correlation network for weaned and suckling piglets revealed that early weaning changed the metabolic pathways, leading to the abnormality of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, which could be partially improved by dietary Gln supplementation. These findings provide fresh insight into the complex metabolic changes in response to early weaning and dietary Gln supplementation in piglets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Xiao

Hong

et al. 2012

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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“…Lucerne also contains significant amounts of linolenic acid, and its inclusion in the diet of dairy cows improves milk fatty-acid (FA) composition, although published data remain scarce. Linolenic acid potentially has positive effects on human health (Riediger et al, 2009). Increasing beneficial FAs in milk by dietary means is limited, but it may contribute to a nutritional improvement of the human diet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dehydrated lucerne and soya bean meal on milk production and composition, nutrient digestion, and methane and nitrogen losses in dairy cows receiving two different forages

Doreau

Ferlay

Rochette

et al. 2014

Animal

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Dehydrated lucerne is used as a protein source in dairy cow rations, but little is known about the effects of lucerne on greenhouse gas production by animals. Eight Holstein dairy cows (average weight: 582 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. They received diets based on either maize silage (M) or grass silage (G) (45% of diet on dry matter (DM) basis), with either soya bean meal (15% of diet DM) completed with beet pulp (15% of diet DM) (SP) or dehydrated lucerne (L) (30% of diet DM) as protein sources; MSP, ML, GSP and GL diets were calculated to meet energy requirements for milk production by dairy cows and degradable protein for rumen microbes. Dry matter intake (DMI) did not differ among diets (18.0 kg/day DMI); milk production was higher with SP diets than with L diets (26.0 v. 24.1 kg/day), but milk production did not vary with forage type. Milk fatty-acid (FA) composition was modified by both forage and protein sources: L and G diets resulted in less saturated FA, less linoleic acid, more trans-monounsaturated FA, and more linolenic acid than SP and M diets, respectively. Enteric methane (CH 4 ) production, measured by the SF 6 tracer method, was higher for G diets than for M diets, but did not differ with protein source. The same effects were observed when CH 4 was expressed per kg milk. Minor effects of diets on rumen fermentation pattern were observed. Manure CH 4 emissions estimated from faecal organic matter were negatively related to diet digestibility and were thus higher for L than SP diets, and higher for M than G diets; the resulting difference in total CH 4 production was small. Owing to diet formulation constraints, N intake was higher for SP than for L diets; interaction between forage type and protein source was significant for N intake. The same statistical effects were found for N in milk. Faecal and urinary N losses were determined from total faeces and urine collection. Faecal N output was lower for M than for G diets but did not differ between protein sources. Urinary N output did not differ between forage types, but was lower for cows fed L diets than for cows fed SP diets, potentially resulting in lower ammonia emissions with L diets. Replacing soya bean meal plus beet pulp with dehydrated lucerne did not change CH 4 production, but resulted in more N in faeces and less N in urine.

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“…reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases are well documented. During the last decade substantial efforts have been put into enriching foods with the healthy n-3 LC PUFAs as reviewed by Jacobsen et al [1] These efforts have been carried out in order to increase the populations' intake of especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA [2,3]. Despite the increasing number of n-3 PUFA enriched foods on the market, consumer acceptance and shelf-life of such products are still limited by the higher oxidative susceptibility of unsaturated lipids, which will lead to an unpleasant fishy off-flavour [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antioxidative effect of lipophilized rutin and dihydrocaffeic acid in fish oil enriched milk

Sørensen

Petersen

Diego

et al. 2012

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The antioxidative effect of phenolipids was evaluated in fish oil enriched milk emulsions as a model for a complex food system. Two different phenolipids modified from dihydrocaffeic acid (with C8 or C18:1) and rutin (with C12 or C16) were evaluated. Both dihydrocaffeate esters and rutin laurate showed significantly better antioxidant properties in milk emulsion compared with the original phenolics. However, rutin palmitate only performed slightly better as antioxidant than rutin. The results with rutin indicated that a cut‐off effect exists in relation to the alkyl chain length with respect to optimal antioxidant activity in milk emulsions. Thus, the optimal alkyl chain length is at least below 16 carbon atoms, and maybe even less for rutin esters. For dihydrocaffeate esters it was not possible to conclude on a cut‐off effect in relation to alkyl chain length and antioxidative effect due to the almost similar antioxidant effect of the two phenolipids. However, there was a tendency towards octyl dihydrocaffeate being slightly more efficient than oleyl dihydrocaffeate.Practical application: The finding that phenolipids are better antioxidants in milk emulsions than the original phenolic acid provides new knowledge that can be used to develop new antioxidant strategies to protect foods against lipid oxidation. However, the results indicate that both optimization of alkyl chain length for each type of phenolic, and optimization for each type of emulsion will be necessary in order to get the best oxidative stability of an emulsion with these phenolipids. Use of efficient antioxidants may lower the amount of antioxidant needed to protect against lipid oxidation and may in addition decrease the costs.

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A Systemic Review of the Roles of n-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease

Cited by 589 publications

References 157 publications

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Response to weaning and dietary l-glutamine supplementation: metabolomic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Effects of dehydrated lucerne and soya bean meal on milk production and composition, nutrient digestion, and methane and nitrogen losses in dairy cows receiving two different forages

The antioxidative effect of lipophilized rutin and dihydrocaffeic acid in fish oil enriched milk

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