A Systemic Review of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sources and their Multilineage Differentiation Potential Relevant to Musculoskeletal Tissue Repair and Regeneration

Abstract

Unfortunately, significant hurdles remain and will need to be overcome before tissue engineering using MSCs becomes routine in clinical practice. Thus, further research and understanding are required into the safe and effective sourcing and application of mesenchymal stem cells in musculoskeletal applications.

Designer Stem Cells: Genome Engineering and the Next Generation of Cell‐Based Therapies

“…Further confusion has arisen by the identification of similar but distinct populations of multipotent cells, likely of perivascular origin, in tissues such as the adipose tissue, muscle, tendon, bone, and synovium, but with mixed and inconsistent terminology being used to describe them. Accumulating evidence indicates that multipotent cells derived from bone marrow, fat, bone, muscle, and other tissues exhibit significantly different properties, identities, and differentiation potential, but in many cases are referred to as “MSCs” …”

“…Accumulating evidence indicates that multipotent cells derived from bone marrow, fat, bone, muscle, and other tissues exhibit significantly different properties, identities, and differentiation potential, 11,12 but in many cases are referred to as "MSCs". 13,14 Beyond basic science research, the translational applications of stem cells in orthopedics has focused primarily on cell therapy or tissue engineering, with more recent expansion into the development of microphysiologic systems and in vitro disease modeling. "Cell therapy" implies the introduction of isolated cells without a structural scaffold, usually through injection into the target site (e.g., intra-articularly or intradiscally), or in some cases, intravenously.…”

Cell therapy for orofacial bone regeneration: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…The use of expanded uncommitted cells is based on the fact that MSCs, originally identified in bone marrow (BMSCs), are the most commonly reported cells in autologous regenerative therapies. MSCs have also been isolated from less invasive sources such as adipose tissue (ASCs), dental tissues and a range of adnexal gestational tissues, among others (Nancarrow‐Lei, Mafi, Mafi, & Khan, ). Although MSCs from different tissue sources share biological characteristics, they have been reported to show functional differences in their properties, such as surface phenotype and differentiation potential (Al‐Nbaheen et al., ).…”

Journal of Orthopaedic Research: Special Issue on Stem Cells

“…It is now apparent that similar but distinct populations of multipotent cells, likely of perivascular origin, in adult tissues such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, tendon, bone, and synovium, but with mixed and inconsistent terminology being used to describe them. Accumulating evidence indicates that multipotent cells derived from bone marrow, fat, bone, skeletal muscle, and other tissues exhibit significantly different properties, identities, and differentiation potential, but in many cases are referred to as “MSCs.”…”

“…Accumulating evidence indicates that multipotent cells derived from bone marrow, fat, bone, skeletal muscle, and other tissues exhibit significantly different properties, identities, and differentiation potential, 8,9 but in many cases are referred to as "MSCs." 10,11 Many important questions remain in the field such as the mechanism(s) by which these cells enhance tissue regeneration (promotion of angiogenesis and inhibition of fibrosis), the identify of endogenous cells that are often recruited at the site of the implanted stem cells, their location or niche in vivo, and how they may be used as therapeutic vehicles for orthopedic applications. In particularly, major questions remain on issues such as inter-and intra-donor variability of stem cells, the control of cell growth and differentiation, the ability for stem cell homing and retention in vivo, and how to overcome the somewhat limited trophic and anti-inflammatory response capabilities of naïve/endogenous stem cells?…”