A systemic approach allows to identify the pedoclimatic conditions most critical in the susceptibility of a grapevine cultivar to esca/Botryosphaeria dieback

Abstract

Esca and/or Botryosphaeria dieback (esca-BD) are two of the most destructive grapevine trunk diseases in the world, disease complex which remains poorly understood. As some vine cultivars show highly variable susceptibility to esca-BD, we designed a four-year experiment to identify which environmental factors influence the expression of the disease. We collected epidemiological and physiological data once a year for four consecutive years in 19 vineyard plots located in four wine-growing regions of Western Switzerland. We compared these data with climatic data obtained from weather stations for these same plots for four years and over the long term. We also estimated the soil water holding capacity of each plot. Confounding factors were minimal because all vineyards were planted in 2003 with the same cultivar and all plants grafted in the same nursery with genetically homogeneous grafting material. Principal component and regression analyses of combined epidemiological, biotic and pedoclimatic data identified a positive correlation between soil water retention capacity and plant mortality due to esca-BD. These analyses also showed that leaf disease symptoms and apoplexy are more frequent when cold, wet periods are followed - or alternate with - hot, dry periods, and that apoplexy occurs more frequently when weather conditions change abruptly (cold, wet May followed by a hot June) and deviate significantly from long-term climatic conditions. Regression analyses show that the soil water holding capacity impacts less the disease expression when the climate is warm and dry, both at the regional and at year-specific levels. Having identified the most important environmental factors towards expression of esca-BD, this study allows recommendations to be given to the winegrowers for the cultivar studied but can also be used as a model to identify the environmental factors that influence the expression of fungal diseases in other grapevine cultivars, other grapevine trunk diseases and even in other woody plants.

Large gradient of susceptibility to esca disease revealed by long-term monitoring of 46 grapevine cultivars in a common garden vineyard

“…As nitrogen status and vigour were only weakly correlated in this dataset (Supplementary Material 7), it seems likely that the variability of nitrogen status was limited in this trial, potentially accounting for the lack of correlation between vine nitrogen status and esca symptoms. This result and those of Monod et al . (2023), who demonstrated a negative correlation between nitrogen status and esca severity in a single cultivar growing in contrasting conditions in different vineyards, argue in favour of a reconsideration, across a wide range of genotypes and growing conditions, of the link between vine mineral status and the incidence of trunk disease.…”

“…It therefore seems necessary to replicate such monitoring under contrasting conditions, to facilitate the selection of the most suitable cultivars for each production context. Within this framework, a complementary strategy would involve monitoring a single cultivar in multiple environments (see Monod et al ., 2023).…”

“…Water availability is considered a driver of esca disease expression. High water levels are considered to activate esca expression (Bortolami et al ., 2021b; Monod et al ., 2023). In this study, the overall increase in esca incidence over time (with the ageing of the vines) made it difficult to decipher precisely the role of the water conditions in each year.…”

“…To facilitate the selection of the most suitable cultivars for each production context, it therefore seems necessary to combine (i) replication of such monitoring under contrasting conditions and (ii) modelling-based approaches, integrating epidemiological, physiological and pedoclimatic variables. Within this framework, a complementary strategy would involve monitoring a single cultivar in multiple environments (see Monod et al ., 2023). Finally, we recommend tackling the highly multifactorial nature of plant dieback through integrative approaches taking multiple factors, such as other pests and diseases, climatic hazards, soil fertility and technical management, into account.…”

“…Within this framework, a complementary strategy would involve monitoring a single cultivar in multiple environments (see Monod et al, 2023). Finally, we recommend tackling the highly multifactorial nature of plant dieback through integrative approaches taking multiple factors, such as other pests and diseases, climatic hazards, soil fertility and technical management, into account.…”