A systematic study on the fabrication of transparent nanopaper based on controlled cellulose nanostructure from oil palm empty fruit bunch

Production of nanocellulose using controlled acid hydrolysis from large-scale production of micro-fibrillated cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches

“…Further, the crystallinity percentages were calculated with Segal's method, where the value for the obtained CNC and MFC in this study was 76% and 67%, respectively. The crystallinity index of obtained CNC was in agreement with other studies with similar resources from OPEFB at 73-77.1% [7,36]. Besides, the MFC sample was compared to other biomass resources, such as sugarcane bagasse-6 MFC, which has a lower crystallinity than the obtained OPEFB-MFC at a maximum crystallinity of 47% [33].…”

“…On the first day of observation, the dispersion of CNC20 was settled down (Figure 1b), while at higher acid concentrations than 25%, CNC dispersion was stable for up to a month. At the surface of nanocellulose, there is a more significant presence of negatively charged groups (hydroxyl and sulfonyl groups) compared to the microcellulose, creating a greater repulsive charged interaction leading to better dispersion stability [7]. The presence of negatively surface-charged groups was supported by the zeta potential, as discussed below.…”

“…CNC samples were nicely placed in the sample holder and scanned over a range of 2θ from 10° to 35° with a speed of 2 min −1 . Then the crystallinity index (CrI) was calculated using Segal's method [7]. The functional groups were characterized using FTIR Bruker-Tensor II in a wavenumber range of 4000-500 cm -1 at The Research Center for Chemistry-BRIN.…”

“…Nanocellulose can be obtained in various types of morphology, such as rod-like shape, filament/long, and sphere-like shape structures, depending on their preparation types. Among them, rod-like shape cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are considered the most commonly used nanocellulose in various applications due to high crystalline forms with a length typically less than 500 nm leading to a low aspect ratio and more increased transparency [6,7]. Nanocellulose from many biomass sources can be synthesized in many ways, such as enzymatic or acid hydrolysis, ionic liquid treatment, oxidation process, and mechanical method [8].…”

“…In our previous study, we successfully extracted micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) from OPEFB using the large-scale pilot plant [17]. In the current study, production of nanocellulose was prepared from the large-scaled OPEFB MFC through the acid hydrolysis method by varying concentrations of H2SO4 at the range of 20-35% according to our previous findings [7,17] that are required to be further investigated depending on current typical obtained MFC. The properties of obtained nanocellulose were analyzed and compared to MFC in terms of chemical structure, morphology, and crystallinity.…”