A systematic scoping review of just-in-time, adaptive interventions finds limited automation and incomplete reporting

Assessment of US Food and Drug Administration–Approved Digital Medical Devices for Just-in-Time Interventions

“…Compared with reports of randomized clinical trials that assessed JITIs, the FDA databases contained less information on aspects associated with the decision and delivery components. We also found little overlap in the JITIs assessed in RCTs and JITIs approved by the FDA within the last 3 years, but this might only reflect a time-lag between study publication and market approval …”

“…We developed a standardized extraction form (eMethods 3 in the Supplement). 1,15,[30][31][32] Two reviewers (N.T.T.P and T.O.) independently extracted a random sample of 53% of the product summaries.…”

“…ust-in-time interventions (JITIs) are a type of digital therapeutic interventions that automatically selects and delivers an intervention at the right time based on data collected by monitoring patients and their environments in near real time. 1 They usually combine biometric monitoring devices (ie, wearable, implanted, or external sensors) to remotely monitor the physiology or behavior of users and algorithms, possibly using artificial intelligence/ machine learning, to decide when to deliver a specific personalized intervention at the right time. [1][2][3] The term JITI was first introduced for behavior change interventions in which the provision of support was delivered "at the moment, and in the context that the person needs it most and is most likely to be receptive."…”

“…1 They usually combine biometric monitoring devices (ie, wearable, implanted, or external sensors) to remotely monitor the physiology or behavior of users and algorithms, possibly using artificial intelligence/ machine learning, to decide when to deliver a specific personalized intervention at the right time. [1][2][3] The term JITI was first introduced for behavior change interventions in which the provision of support was delivered "at the moment, and in the context that the person needs it most and is most likely to be receptive." 4 At a conceptual level, such interventions are similar to the artificial pancreas, which uses a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to deliver insulin when needed, without the need for active involvement.…”

Just-in-Time Digital Health Interventions—Start of a New Era With Much More to Do

“…It is into this new era that just-in-time interventions (JITIs) were launched, integrating software in the form of DHTs with existing medical devices, including medication delivery devices and real-time contextual information to prompt users to take certain actions, or in some cases, to perform those actions directly. 3 By becoming patient context-specific, JITIs increased their theoretical power. 4 For example, JITIs may remind patients to take medications at the proper time, administer insulin from an implanted pump when the monitor indicates glucose levels are high, and discourage users from going into a corner store where they typically buy high-sugar food products.…”