“…Motivated by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) (Moher et al, 2009), the following retrieval procedures were strictly observed. First, drawing on the insights of the recently published reviews (Uslu et al, 2022;Randall, 2020;Tlili et al, 2020;van den Berghe et al, 2019), a combination of the following robot-related and language learning-related keywords integrated with Boolean operators was performed, i.e., (robot-assisted language learning OR RALL OR robot applications OR education robots OR social robots OR chatbot) AND (EFL OR English OR language OR language performance OR language achievement OR reading OR writing OR listening OR speaking OR vocabulary OR education OR language skill OR language ability). Second, the systematic literature retrieval was Teaching, Language and Education, Linguistics and Education, Journal of Language Identity and Education, Foreign Language Annals, Reading and Writing, Journal of Research in English).…”