A Systematic Review on the Application of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation to HVAC Systems
Francesca Cattai,
Annunziata D’Orazio,
Gianluca Sbardella
Abstract:With the renewed focus on indoor air quality (IAQ) due to “Sick building syndrome” and the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the availability of innovative components and innovative guidance for maintenance and systemic safety design will play an important role, with HVAC systems as protagonists. UV-C irradiation has been investigated for a long time, and some system solutions are known. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the latest outcomes related to the innovative components of HVAC systems using UV-… Show more
“…One of the pivotal uses of AI in Cultural Heritage sites involves monitoring and controlling indoor air quality to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens. AI-driven systems can integrate with HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) technologies to optimize air filtration and circulation, crucial in mitigating airborne transmission risks [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. For example, machine learning algorithms can analyze data from air quality sensors to detect patterns indicating deteriorating conditions and automatically adjust HVAC operations to enhance air quality.…”
Section: Ai Application In Cultural Heritage Sitesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The integration of AI into the management of Cultural Heritage sites has led to innovative applications that address both health safety and operational efficiency. For example, smart HVAC systems [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] equipped with AI can optimize air filtration and circulation, reducing the risk of airborne diseases. Additionally, AI-enabled surveillance systems can analyze visitor density in real time, triggering alerts when social distancing thresholds are breached, and guiding the deployment of staff to manage crowds effectively.…”
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the surveillance and safety measures of indoor Cultural Heritage sites have become a paramount concern due to the unique challenges posed by their enclosed environments and high visitor volumes. This communication explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing epidemiological surveillance and health safety protocols in these culturally significant spaces. AI technologies, including machine learning algorithms and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, have shown promising potential in monitoring air quality, detecting pathogens, and managing crowd dynamics to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. We review various applications of AI that have been employed to address both direct health risks and indirect impacts such as visitor experience and preservation practices. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges and limitations of AI deployment, such as ethical considerations, privacy issues, and financial constraints. By harnessing AI, Cultural Heritage sites can not only improve their resilience against future pandemics but also ensure the safety and well-being of visitors and staff, thus preserving these treasured sites for future generations. This exploration into AI’s role in post-COVID surveillance at Cultural Heritage sites opens new frontiers in combining technology with traditional conservation and public health efforts, providing a blueprint for enhanced safety and operational efficiency in response to global health challenges.
“…One of the pivotal uses of AI in Cultural Heritage sites involves monitoring and controlling indoor air quality to prevent the spread of airborne pathogens. AI-driven systems can integrate with HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) technologies to optimize air filtration and circulation, crucial in mitigating airborne transmission risks [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. For example, machine learning algorithms can analyze data from air quality sensors to detect patterns indicating deteriorating conditions and automatically adjust HVAC operations to enhance air quality.…”
Section: Ai Application In Cultural Heritage Sitesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The integration of AI into the management of Cultural Heritage sites has led to innovative applications that address both health safety and operational efficiency. For example, smart HVAC systems [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ] equipped with AI can optimize air filtration and circulation, reducing the risk of airborne diseases. Additionally, AI-enabled surveillance systems can analyze visitor density in real time, triggering alerts when social distancing thresholds are breached, and guiding the deployment of staff to manage crowds effectively.…”
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the surveillance and safety measures of indoor Cultural Heritage sites have become a paramount concern due to the unique challenges posed by their enclosed environments and high visitor volumes. This communication explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing epidemiological surveillance and health safety protocols in these culturally significant spaces. AI technologies, including machine learning algorithms and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, have shown promising potential in monitoring air quality, detecting pathogens, and managing crowd dynamics to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases. We review various applications of AI that have been employed to address both direct health risks and indirect impacts such as visitor experience and preservation practices. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges and limitations of AI deployment, such as ethical considerations, privacy issues, and financial constraints. By harnessing AI, Cultural Heritage sites can not only improve their resilience against future pandemics but also ensure the safety and well-being of visitors and staff, thus preserving these treasured sites for future generations. This exploration into AI’s role in post-COVID surveillance at Cultural Heritage sites opens new frontiers in combining technology with traditional conservation and public health efforts, providing a blueprint for enhanced safety and operational efficiency in response to global health challenges.
“…Innovative technologies also play a pivotal role in sanitizing indoor environments in historical buildings. One such technology is the use of advanced HVAC systems with HEPA filters and UV-C light sanitization [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. HEPA filters are highly effective in trapping particulate matter, including mold spores and dust, while UV-C light has been proven to inactivate a wide range of microorganisms, thus reducing the biological load in the air.…”
The endeavor to maintain and enhance the indoor air quality (IAQ) in historical buildings transcends the traditional boundaries of cultural heritage preservation, emerging as a pivotal public health concern [...]
A recent breakout of the COVID-19 pandemic inspired researchers to find ideal solutions for removing SARS-CoV-2 from indoor air. In-duct ultraviolet germicidal irradiation was employed in rooms with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to stop the spread of COVID-19. The current investigation introduces Bunimovich stadium-inspired flow channels inside the square-shaped duct. The impact of the Bunimovich channel shape on light distribution is studied and compared with the traditional rectangular-shaped duct. The core of the Bunimovich channel is a square with δ and γ equal to 0.5. A semi-circle surrounds the square's left and right sides. The air velocity in the HVAC system with the Bunimovich channels varies from 10 m/s to 15 m/s, resulting in variation in aerosol particles’ residence period in front of the ultraviolet-C (UVC) source. The Bunimovich channel delivered better UVC irradiance uniformity than a rectangular duct. The uniformity ratio for the Bunimovich channel was 0.788 compared to 0.6949 for the rectangular duct. The UVC dose delivered by the source in the Bunimovich channel varies from 1.48 mJ/cm2 to 3.03 mJ/cm2. The delivered dose is higher than the required 1.2 mJ/cm2 dose for log-4 reduction (i.e. 99.99%).
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