A Systematic Review on Comparative Analysis, Toxicology, and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants Against Haemonchus contortus

Abstract

Background:Haemonchus contortus is an important pathogenic nematode parasite and major economic constraint of small ruminants in tropics and subtropics regions. This review is an attempt to systematically address the; (a) efficacy of different plants against H. contortus by in vitro and in vivo proof; (b) toxicology, mechanism of action, and active phyto-compounds involve in anti-haemonchiasis activity; (c) and comparative analysis of plant species evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Online databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were searched and published research articles (1980–2020) were gathered and reviewed. Results: A total of 187 plant species were reported belonging to 59 families and 145 genera with Asteraceae and Fabaceae being frequently used. Out of the total plant species, 171 species were found to be evaluated in vitro and only 40 species in vivo. Twenty-four species were commonly evaluated for in vitro and in vivo anti-haemonchiasis activity. Among the reported assays, egg hatching test (EHT) and fecal egg count reduction (FECR) were the most widely used assays in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Moreover, sheep were the frequently used experimental model in vivo. After comparative analysis, Lachesiodendron viridiflorum, Corymbia citriodora, Calotropis procera, and Artemisia herba-alba were found highly effective both in vitro and in vivo. L. viridiflorum inhibited enzymatic activities and metabolic processes of the parasite and was found to be safe without toxic effects. C. citriodora was moderately toxic in vivo, however, the plant extract produced promising nematicidal effects by causing muscular disorganization and changes in the mitochondrial profile. Additionally, C. procera and A. herba-alba despite of their high anti-haemonchiasis activity were found to be highly toxic at the tested concentrations. C. procera caused perforation and tegumental disorganization along with adult worm paralysis. Nineteen compounds were reported, among which anethole and carvone completely inhibited egg hatching in vitro and significantly reduced fecal egg count, decreased male length, and reproductive capacity of female in vivo. Conclusion: This review summarized different medicinal plants owing to nematicidal activities against H. contortus eggs, larvae, and adult worms. Plants like L. viridiflorum, C. citriodora, C. procera, and A. herba-alba, while compounds anethole and carvone having promising nematicidal activities and could be an alternative source for developing novel drugs after further investigation.

Nanoparticles as Alternatives for the Control of Haemonchus contortus: A Systematic Approach to Unveil New Anti-haemonchiasis Agents

“…Nanoparticles were commonly evaluated in vitro , and only few studies had reported in vivo effectiveness of different nanoparticles. Previously, in vitro studies were mostly reported than in vivo and justify the current findings ( 34 – 36 ). In vitro studies are inexpensive and less time consuming, and anthelmintic effects at different life stages of the parasite can easily be studied ( 37 ).…”

“…However, in vivo studies are expensive and difficult to reproduce the results, required long experimental duration, and has lower precision ( 39 ). The research field is highly inundated with in vitro studies, and in vivo studies are insufficient; therefore, in vivo evaluation of nanoparticles would be of great importance in future studies ( 36 ).…”

“…The pharmacological activity of a drug depends on how it interacts with the targeted biomolecules, i.e., receptors ( 67 ). Pharmacological activity is an important phenomenon to know the precise target of the nanoparticle with anthelmintic efficacy against the parasite or other organism/pathogen under observation ( 36 ).…”

Effect of Crocus sativus (Saffron) Intake on Top of Standard Treatment, on Disease Outcomes and Comorbidities in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: Synthesis without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) and Level of Adherence to the CONSORT Statement for Randomized Controlled Trials Delivering Herbal Medicine Interventions

“…As Ali [78] noted, herbal medicines tend to suffer from lack of standardization parameters. In more detail, there appears to be a lack of standardization regarding the raw materials used, the harvesting, drying, storage and processing methods, as well as the final products and dosage formulation [16,79].…”

A cross-sectional survey of hard ticks and molecular characterization of Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing domestic animals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…The population of cattle ( Bos indicus and Bos taurus ) 41.2 million, buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis ) 35.6 million, goats ( Capra hircus ) 68.4 million, and 29.4 million sheep ( Ovis aries ) was estimated (based on Livestock Census 1996 & 2006) [ 8 ]. The climatic conditions of Pakistan are tremendously satisfying for the growth and survival of different tick species and other animal disease-causing parasites [ 9 – 14 ]. Ticks harm livestock holders, especially low-income farmers and the majority of them are unaware of different tick species and consider all ticks as a single species.…”