A Systematic Review on Anti-diabetic and Cardioprotective Potential of Gallic Acid: A Widespread Dietary Phytoconstituent

Abstract

Gallic acid (GA) is a bioactive phytoconstituent that has been reported to prevent a number of diseases. However, there is no systematic review to-date on its anti-diabetic and cardioprotective potential including molecular mechanisms for such activities. This review aims to summarize the anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of gallic acid and further propose a molecular mechanism of its anti-diabetic effects. Accumulation of associated literature was conducted through the use of databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Scopus databases. Articles published until December 2018 were extracted and all the retracted articles were sorted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and relevant articles were further consulted for necessary information. We have found substantial investigations in animals and cultured cells that supports anti-diabetic and cardioprotective effects of GA with several underlying mechanisms including antioxidant enzyme systems and non-enzymatic defense mechanisms. The reported antioxidant activity of GA as well as the modulation of some key proteins linked to diabetes could be a part of the mechanisms by which GA showed antidiabetic effect. In summary, it is evident that GA is one of the promising dietary phytochemicals that could be beneficial for the treatment and management of diabetes and associated myocardial damage.

Original Bio-Based Antioxidant Poly(meth)acrylate from Gallic Acid-Based Monomers

“…propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate) exhibit numerous properties serving as antioxidants, antimicrobials or anticancer, as well as active agents that reduce cellular oxidative stress. [14][15][16] However, concerning biomedical applications and similar to numerous phytochemicals, harnessing the full potential of GA within the human body stumbles with its low bioavailability and bioactivity which are pivotal for any bioactive molecule to be considered efficient. [17][18][19] To overcome these issues, drug delivery systems (DDSs) as polymeric electrospun fiber mats [20][21][22] , nanoparticles [23][24] or hydrogels [25][26][27][28] have considerably grasped attention as a possible way to improve GA's pharmacokinetics.…”

“…It can be extracted under different forms from chestnuts, nuts, sumacs, gallnuts, witch hazels, cloves, tealeaves, and other plants . Moreover, it is particularly accessible via the oak bark transformation industry in the form of hydrolyzable tannins. , GA and its ester derivatives (e.g., propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate) exhibit numerous properties, serving as antioxidants, antimicrobials, or anticancer agents as well as active agents that reduce cellular oxidative stress. − However, concerning its biomedical applications, similar to numerous phytochemicals, harnessing the full potential of GA within the human body is limited due to its low bioavailability and bioactivity, which are pivotal for any bioactive molecule to be considered efficient. − To overcome these issues, drug delivery systems (DDSs) such as polymeric electrospun fiber mats, − nanoparticles, , and hydrogels − have attracted considerable attention as possible methods to improve the pharmacokinetics of GA.…”

Technologies for Solubility, Dissolution and Permeation Enhancement of Natural Compounds

“…Farther, an antidiabetic activity associated with gallic acid has also been reported by [119], Fachriyah et al (2017) [115] and Variya et al (2020) [171]. The recent reported study revealed that gallic acid may also be used as cardio-tonic in conjunction with anti-oxidant and anticancer effects [172].…”

Anti-hyperglycemic contours of Madhugrit are robustly translated in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of lipid accumulation by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory response

“…It was found that Madhugrit substantially improved the glucose uptake activity of L6 cells as observed by the uptake of fluorescent glucose analog 2-NBDG. The hypoglycemic properties of Madhugrit can be attributed to the presence of gallic acid as one of its major phytoconstituents ( 55 ). Gallic acid in vitro is reported to directly inhibit α-amylase activity in an in vitro model system ( 56 ).…”