A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: Which to use?

Karcıoğlu, Özgür; Topaçoğlu, Hakan; Dikme, Özgür; Dikme, Özlem

doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2018.01.008

Cited by 677 publications

(524 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…All patients required fentanyl during the first 4 h. The median number of fentanyl doses were three (quartiles 1, 8) in the EPI group and seven (6,9) in the IV group (mean difference 3.1; 95% confidence interval 0.9, 5.2; P = 0.01). After the first 4 h, the two groups needed a similar total dose of epidural infusion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of epidural oxycodone after gynaecological laparotomy: a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy comparison with intravenous administration

Piirainen

Kokki

Hautajärvi

et al. 2018

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of epidural oxycodone after gynaecological laparotomy: a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy comparison with intravenous administration

Piirainen

Kokki

Hautajärvi

et al. 2018

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…While current guidelines recommend formal assessment of pain in prehospital patients, a paucity of data exist evaluating pain scales in this setting. 8,126 A number of pain scales have been developed and validated specifically for use in children. 127,128 These pediatric-specific pain scales are important, given the subjective nature of pain and the likelihood for observers, such as parents or other caregivers, to over or underestimate a child's pain.…”

Section: Outcomes Timing Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesics To Reduce Acute Pain in the Prehospital Setting

Sobieraj¹,

Baker²,

Martinez³

et al. 2019

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“…The NRS-11 is as effective as the VAS in assessing acute pain. 19 Anxiety, depression, and health status and quality of life will be assessed with the following assessment tools. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) is a 100-point test (20 items) that assesses the degree of anxiety.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of acetaminophen with and without oxycodone for analgesia in nonoperative treatment of extremity fractures in adults: Protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial

Gao

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: Opioids and acetaminophen are both widely used to relieve pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures, but evidence for superiority of opioids versus acetaminophen is lacking. In this study we aim to determine whether acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination for pain relief after nonoperative fixation of an extremity limb fracture. We hypothesize that acetaminophen is noninferior to the acetaminophen/oxycodone combination. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial will be conducted. Power analysis determined that 1,226 participants will be needed (p<0.05, power 90%). Patients with acute limb fracture who receive nonoperative treatment will be recruited and randomly allocated into two groups: the intervention group will receive oral oxycodone (5 mg)/acetaminophen (325 mg), and the control group will receive acetaminophen (650 mg) only. The primary outcome measure will be scores on the 11-point Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) over 14 days. Secondary outcome measures are scores on the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), EuroQol five dimensions’ questionnaire (EQ-5d), self-rated satisfaction with the analgesia produced, self-reported nighttime sleep duration, number of intervention or control pills used, total duration for taking intervention or control medication. Change of pain scores and the number of times that analgesic drugs were taken in the two groups will be statistically evaluated with t-student tests according to their fracture site. Discussion: This study will be a randomized controlled trial that is adequately powered to test the hypothesis that acetaminophen is noninferior to the combination of acetaminophen and oxycodone in relieving objectively measured pain after nonoperative treatment of limb fractures in adults. It is hopeful to provide a safe and effective analgesic plan for such patients. Trial Registration: ChiCTR registry: ChiCTR1800017015 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=28612). Registered on 8 July 2018. Keywords: Opioids, acetaminophen, fracture, nonoperative treatment.

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A systematic review of the pain scales in adults: Which to use?

Cited by 677 publications

References 31 publications

The analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of epidural oxycodone after gynaecological laparotomy: a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy comparison with intravenous administration

The analgesic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of epidural oxycodone after gynaecological laparotomy: a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy comparison with intravenous administration

Comparative Effectiveness of Analgesics To Reduce Acute Pain in the Prehospital Setting

Efficacy of acetaminophen with and without oxycodone for analgesia in nonoperative treatment of extremity fractures in adults: Protocol for a double-blind randomized clinical trial

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