A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Nonfatal Strangulation, a Human Rights and Health Concern

Sorenson, Susan B.; Joshi, Manisha; Sivitz, Elizabeth

doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302191

Cited by 49 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] There were also four reviews that considered the legal and social implications. 1,48,65,66 What does the literature tell us?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non‐fatal strangulation (NFS) is an under‐recognised form of assault. There is no data on the prevalence of NFS in Australia, but estimates in Europe and North America range from 3% to 9.7% of all women and 27–68% in those experiencing intimate partner violence . In Australia, between 2002 and 2012, strangulation or suffocation was the cause of death in 14% of domestic homicides .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Review article: Non‐fatal strangulation: Hidden injuries, hidden risks

Boos

2019

Emerg Medicine Australasia

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Non‐fatal strangulation (NFS) can be a cause of severe injury. However, the prevalence and rates of injuries from NFS are unknown, as few victims present to medical attention after strangulation. As up to 40% of fatal strangulations have no external signs, and the majority of surviving victims have few or minor injuries, finding those people severely injured remains challenging. The majority of the evidence regarding NFS is largely based on case reports and case series with no robust studies estimating rates of injuries or the best investigation tools. The injuries that are reported make clear that strangulation is a potentially lethal form of injury that should not be ignored in those presenting having been strangled, or in those presenting with neurological symptoms, including strokes, seizures and vascular abnormalities. The safety implications of strangulation are also important as it can be a prelude to homicide. A search of the literature was carried out with the following terms: Nonfatal strangulation (10), Nonfatal strangulation (17), ‘Strangulation injuries’ (19), ‘Manual strangulation’ (92) – laboratory testing eliminated, and ‘choking game’. The PubMed database was used first, followed by the collections of Monash University and the Strangulation Institute (as some articles were too old to find electronically). This article summarises the injuries that can occur following strangulation and discusses the quality of the evidence thus far.

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“…[55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64] There were also four reviews that considered the legal and social implications. 1,48,65,66 What does the literature tell us?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article: Non‐fatal strangulation: Hidden injuries, hidden risks

Boos

2019

Emerg Medicine Australasia

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“…The victim may lose consciousness after only 10-15 seconds, and death may occur within 3-5 minutes. This dangerous form of violence is gendered, with males typically being the perpetrators of the violence and females being the victims (Nemeth, Bonomi, Lee, & Ludwin, 2012;Pritchard et al, 2017;Sorenson, Joshi, & Sivitz, 2014). The NONFATAL STRANGULATION AND COERCIVE CONTROL 3 expanding research base on strangulation was initiated by a study of 300 nonfatal strangulation victims, conducted by Strack et al (2001), which highlighted that 89% of the total sample had been victims of domestic violence.…”

Section: Nonfatal Strangulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonfatal Strangulation in a Sample of Domestically Violent Stalkers: The Importance of Recognizing Coercively Controlling Behaviors

Bendlin

Sheridan

2019

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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Strangulation is different to other types of physical violence as it often leaves no visible injuries and is frequently motivated by coercive control. Few studies have explored nonfatal strangulation and coercive control, and no studies have explored these factors within a sample of stalkers. Given that stalking perpetrators exhibit many of the coercively controlling behaviors related to nonfatal strangulation, the current study explored nonfatal strangulation and other coercively controlling behaviors in a stalking sample. A police dataset of 9,884 cases of domestic violence that involved stalking was analyzed. Results revealed that coercive control and related behaviors of excessive jealousy, victim isolation, victim fear, and victim’s belief that the perpetrator will kill them were associated with higher likelihood of having experienced nonfatal strangulation. These results may help first responders to identify victims at risk of nonfatal strangulation and suggest a need for nonfatal strangulation to be a criminal offense.

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“…The proportion of females and children was highest in suffocation deaths, a common method of domestic abuse and a high predictor of future homicide in non-fatal cases [32]. Data on suffocations are limited in low to medium income countries; however, a multiple country evaluation reported that national past-year prevalence of non-fatal strangulation in women ranged from 0.4 to 2.4% [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury-related deaths before and during the Islamic State insurgency – Baghdad, Iraq, 2010–2015

et al. 2020

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Background: Following a period of low intensity conflict during 2009-2012, the emergence of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (or Islamic State) in 2013 was associated with a resurgence of violence in Baghdad, Iraq's capital and largest city. We evaluated trends in injury-related deaths in Baghdad before and during the Islamic State insurgency. Methods: Iraqi National Injury Mortality Surveillance System prospectively collects information on fatal injuries from governorate coroner offices using standardized reporting forms. Trained coroner clerks collect information on victim demographics, intention of injury and mechanism of injury during medical examinations using reports from police and families. We analyzed data on all deaths reported by the Baghdad Forensic Institute from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015.Results: There were 17,555 injury-related deaths with documented intent and mechanism (range 2385-3347 per year): 6241 from gunfire (36%), 1381 explosions (8%), 1348 non-gunfire assaults (8%), 3435 traffic accidents (20%), and 5150 other unintentional injuries (29%). Rates of gunfire (23.45 per 100,000) and explosion (5.90 per 100,000) deaths were significantly higher in 2014 than in all other years during the review period (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively). During the same period from 2010 to 2015, traffic accident deaths declined significantly from 13.29 to 6.35 (p = 0.002), with declines observed primarily among pedestrians. Trends in the rate of non-gunfire-assault and unintentional deaths, comparing 2010 and 2015, were not significant (p = 0.12 and p = 0.63, respectively). Unintentional deaths were mostly attributed to burns (46%) and electricity-related injuries (31%). The proportion of both females and children was highest in unintentional injury deaths. Conclusions: During the study period, deaths from both gunfire and explosions in Baghdad peaked in 2014, corresponding with emergence of the Islamic State. Trends suggest a potential impact of insurgency-related activity on other injuries as evidenced by a decrease in the death rate from traffic accidents. The decreased traffic-related death rate could be from decreased vehicle and pedestrian activity during times of violence. Monitoring trends in injury mortality during conflict allows Iraq to identify priority injury causes to inform public health interventions.

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A Systematic Review of the Epidemiology of Nonfatal Strangulation, a Human Rights and Health Concern

Cited by 49 publications

References 46 publications

Review article: Non‐fatal strangulation: Hidden injuries, hidden risks

Review article: Non‐fatal strangulation: Hidden injuries, hidden risks

Nonfatal Strangulation in a Sample of Domestically Violent Stalkers: The Importance of Recognizing Coercively Controlling Behaviors

Injury-related deaths before and during the Islamic State insurgency – Baghdad, Iraq, 2010–2015

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