A systematic review of the effects of upper body warm-up on performance and injury

Abstract

Purpose This systematic review was conducted to identify the impact of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes. Methods Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases were searched using terms related to upper extremity warm-up. Inclusion criteria were English language randomised controlled trials from peer-reviewed journals in which investigation of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes was a primary aim. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. A wide variety of warm-up modes and outcomes precluded meta-analysis except for one group of studies. The majority of warm-ups were assessed as having 'positive', 'neutral', 'negative' or 'specific' effects on outcomes. Results Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria with 21 rated as having 'good' methodological quality. The studies investigated a total of 25 warm-up modes and 43 outcome factors that could be grouped into eight mode and performance outcome categories. No studies of upper body warm-up effects on injury prevention were discovered. Conclusions Strong research-based evidence was found for the following: high-load dynamic warm-ups enhance power and strength performance; warm-up swings with a standard weight baseball bat are most effective for enhancing bat speed; short-duration static stretching warm-up has no effect on power outcomes; and passive heating/cooling is a largely ineffective warmup mode. A clear knowledge gap in upper body warmup literature is the lack of investigation of injury prevention outcomes.

The impact of periodized core training program on accurate service velocity of male tennis players aged 11-13<p>11-13 yaş arası erkek tenisçilerde periyotlanmış core antrenman programının isabetli servis hızına etkisi

“…Bu çalışmada olduğu gibi core kuvvetten çok core stabilizasyonu arttırmaya yönelik antrenman uygulamalarının sakatlığı azaltma etkisi kabul edilirken (Lehman, 2006), atletik etkisi için bulgular yeterli kabul edilmeyebilir (Hibbs, Thompson, French, Wrigley, & Spears, 2008). Fakat İyi antrene edilmiş core bölgenin optimum güç üretimini sağladığı gibi, fonksiyonel atletik performans için, gücün ve hareketlerin aktarımını sağladığı kabul edilmektedir (Akuthota & Nadler, 2004;Dendas, 2010;W. Ben Kibler, Press, & Sciascia, 2006).…”

“…Bu çalışmaya benzer bir çalışmada 6 haftalık kuvvet antrenmanları(core kuvvet, elastik direnç, sağlık topu egzersizleri) sonucunda genç tenisçilerde servis hızı kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı şekilde artarken, servis isabeti değişmemiştir (Fernandez-Fernandez et al, 2013). Benzer şekilde vuruş ve fırlatma hızına ilişkin(omuz eklemlerine ait) çalışmaların birçoğunda core egzersizlerin olumlu etkileri açıkça ortaya koyulmuştur.…”

Ballistic stretch or aerobic warm-up evoke postexercise hypotension after maximal exercise

“…Warm-up is generally performed previously to exercise to increase performance, however the literature has shown in most studies that warm-up does not change 1,2 . We have previously shown that warm-up did not influence performance on different exercise protocols 14.15 .…”

“…In this study, warm-up was not capable of changing performance in maximal cycling. Indeed, low to moderate intensities of warm-up present mostly neutral effects on performance of several variables, such as strength and power 1 . However, despite the lack of change on performance, warm-up is able to change blood pressure.…”

“…Warm-up is defined as a "protocol specifically undertaken to prepare for the onset of subsequent physical activity", however the effect of different methods of warm-up are unclear 1 , and coaches often base their warmup sessions on empiric observations rather than scientific studies 2 . The most commonly used warm-ups in sports are composed of low intensity aerobic activity, muscle stretching and sport-specific movements 2 .…”