A Systematic Review of the geographic distribution of pathogenic Leptospira serovars in the Americas, 1930-2017

Browne, Ericka Souza; Callefe, João Luis Revolta; Jesus, Eros R S DE; Zeppelini, Caio Graco; Cremonese, Cleber; Costa, Federico

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220201026

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This finding supports previous observations, e.g. in South America [34,106,107] . CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This finding supports previous observations, e.g. in South America [34,106,107] 29 Africa [108,109], Malaysia [110], New Zealand [111] and Australia [112], where serogroup Sejroe is predominantly reported in bovines. Serogroups Australis, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona have also been described in cattle worldwide [34,[106][107][108][109]111,113,114].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…in South America [34,106,107] 29 Africa [108,109], Malaysia [110], New Zealand [111] and Australia [112], where serogroup Sejroe is predominantly reported in bovines. Serogroups Australis, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae and Pomona have also been described in cattle worldwide [34,[106][107][108][109]111,113,114]. Nevertheless, those serogroups are the most used in the MAT panels, which very likely biases the overall picture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review on leptospirosis in cattle: a European perspective

Sohm

Steiner

Jöbstl

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease which is globally distributed. Bovine leptospirosis often results in economic losses through its severe impact on reproduction performance. However, a clear overview of the disease characteristics in European cattle is lacking. The objective of this review was to summarise the current knowledge and state of the research on the epidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Europe. Methodology: We conducted a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines. We screened four electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, CABI) and included studies published between 2001 and 2021, in English, German, and French. Identified papers were filtered according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Sixty-two studies were included. Reported seroprevalences were remarkably variable among studies, probably reflecting local variations but also heterogeneity in the study designs, laboratory methods, and sample sizes. The five most reported circulating serogroups in European cattle were Sejroe, Australis, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona. Abortion and fertility disorders were the most frequently reported signs of leptospirosis in European cattle and were generally associated with chronic infections. The acute form primarily affected juveniles and foetuses. Risk factors positively associated with leptospirosis in cattle were diverse, related to environmental (e.g. geographic location), climatic (e.g. flooding), and medical (e.g. presence of other diseases) parameters, as well as farming practices (e.g. purchase policy, herd size) and individual factors (e.g. animal age and breed). Conclusions: Clinical features of bovine leptospirosis in Europe cover a large range of signs and confirmation of infection requires laboratory tests. The epidemiology of the disease is very local, most probably influenced by context-specific factors. This work highlights several research gaps, including a lack of research data from several countries, a lack of methodological harmonisation, a lack of large-scale studies, an underrepresentation of beef herds in the studies, and a lack of molecular investigations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review on leptospirosis in cattle: a European perspective

Sohm

Steiner

Jöbstl

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…serovars, with the prevalence of Tarassovi and Copenhageni. Interestingly, this observation is in disagreement with the recent revision of Browne and collaborators, which reported the serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Pomona as the most prevalent in human leptospirosis in the Americas from 1930 to 2017, with Pomona and Canicola being the most prevalent in Brazil [ 54 ]. From our point of view, this controversy reinforces the necessity of improved surveillance of leptospirosis cases, aiming to know what are the most important pathogens to focus on in vaccine development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

Sph2(176–191) and Sph2(446–459): Identification of B-Cell Linear Epitopes in Sphingomyelinase 2 (Sph2), Naturally Recognized by Patients Infected by Pathogenic Leptospires

et al. 2023

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Sphingomyelin is a major constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes, and if degraded by bacteria sphingomyelinases may contribute to the pathogenesis of infection. Among Leptospira spp., there are five sphingomyelinases exclusively expressed by pathogenic leptospires, in which Sph2 is expressed during natural infections, cytotoxic, and implicated in the leptospirosis hemorrhagic complications. Considering this and the lack of information about associations between Sph2 and leptospirosis severity, we use a combination of immunoinformatics approaches to identify its B-cell epitopes, evaluate their reactivity against samples from leptospirosis patients, and investigate the role of antibodies anti-Sph2 in protection against severe leptospirosis. Two B-cell epitopes, Sph2(176-191) and Sph2(446-459), were predicted in Sph2 from L. interrogans serovar Lai, presenting different levels of identity when compared with other pathogenic leptospires. These epitopes were recognized by about 40% of studied patients with a prevalence of IgG antibodies against both Sph2(176-191) and Sph2(446-459). Remarkably, just individuals with low reactivity to Sph2(176-191) presented clinical complications, while high responders had only mild symptoms. Therefore, we identified two B-cell linear epitopes, recognized by antibodies of patients with leptospirosis, that could be further explored in the development of multi-epitope vaccines against leptospirosis.

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“…However, the study described that leptospirosis was widespread in wildlife in all biomes of Latin America [ 59 ]. In another systematic review carried out by Browne [ 62 ], 86 studies registered over 80 species affected by leptospirosis in the Americas, mostly in the USA and Brazil, and most of the wildlife studied was terrestrial, particularly boars and racoons, with some reports on aquatic animals such as sea lions, manatees and reptiles (boas and crocodiles); the most common serovars reported were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Canicola. More research is needed to determine the role of these animals in the epidemiology of leptospirosis and its impact on public health [ 59 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basic Aspects and Epidemiological Studies on Leptospirosis Carried Out in Animals in Chile: A Bibliographic Review

Azócar-Aedo

2023

TropicalMed

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Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. This disease affects numerous animal species, some of them are classified as “maintenance hosts”, and others are categorized as “incidental hosts”. Humans are at risk of becoming infected by having contact with domestic and wild animals. In this paper, general aspects of the etiology and transmission of leptospirosis are addressed, data regarding the clinical presentation of the pathology in humans and animals are also presented, and the results of some epidemiological studies on leptospirosis carried out in Chile in different animal species and humans are summarized through a bibliographic review of the literature. The research on domestic canines and horses stands out in terms of their number in the country, with prevalences between 12.0% and 59.1% in dogs and from 23.3% to 65.4% in equids. Studies have been performed on domestic felines in recent years with frequencies ranging from 3.0% to 25.2%, as well as on wild animals (mainly in mammals). In pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats, the information is scarce, with little updated research dating back several decades and variable prevalence rates, which are generally high, except for in sheep. Leptospirosis is a disease of varied etiology in terms of infecting species, serovars and serogroups, which influences its epidemiology, and its prevalence is variable in different animals. An increase in the awareness given to this pathology in human and veterinary public health is required, as well as more scientific studies in Chile, to update the existing knowledge.

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A Systematic Review of the geographic distribution of pathogenic Leptospira serovars in the Americas, 1930-2017

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

A systematic review on leptospirosis in cattle: a European perspective

A systematic review on leptospirosis in cattle: a European perspective

Sph2(176–191) and Sph2(446–459): Identification of B-Cell Linear Epitopes in Sphingomyelinase 2 (Sph2), Naturally Recognized by Patients Infected by Pathogenic Leptospires

Basic Aspects and Epidemiological Studies on Leptospirosis Carried Out in Animals in Chile: A Bibliographic Review

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