A Systematic Review of Surface Contamination, Stability, and Disinfection Data on SARS-CoV-2 (Through July 10, 2020)

Bedrosian, Noah; Mitchell, Elizabeth; Rohm, Elsa; Rothe, Miguel; Kelly, Christine; String, Gabrielle; Lantagne, Daniele

doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05651

Cited by 58 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…After completing title, abstract, and full-text review of 104,735 articles, 109 articles meeting inclusion criteria were identified, with 33 additional articles identified from reference chaining. Information on surface disinfection has been published separately 8 ; herein we described results from 58 mask disinfection and reuse summaries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted a previously described systematic review to identify and summarize WASH intervention effectiveness at interrupting SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes. 8 The review was developed based on the guidelines for the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 9 and for mask disinfection and reuse included: 1) a search strategy; 2) inclusion criteria; 3) a selection and data extraction strategy; 4) a framework for appraising risk of bias; and, 5) an analysis plan. Each of these steps is briefly described below (for more information see 8 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of mask disinfection and reuse for SARS-CoV-2 (through July 10, 2020)

Rothe

Rohm

Mitchell

et al. 2020

Preprint

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We conducted a systematic review of hygiene intervention effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2, including developing inclusion criteria, conducting the search, selecting articles for inclusion, and summarizing included articles. We reviewed 104,735 articles, and 109 articles meeting inclusion criteria were identified, with 33 additional articles identified from reference chaining. Herein, we describe results from 58 mask disinfection and reuse studies, where the majority of data were collected using N95 masks. Please note, no disinfection method consistently removed >3 log of virus irrespective of concentration, contact time, temperature, and humidity. However, results show it is possible to achieve >3 log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 using appropriate concentrations and contact times of chemical (ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid), radiation (PX-UV, UVGI), and thermal (autoclaving, heat) disinfection on N95 masks. N95 mask reuse and failure data indicate that hydrogen peroxide, heat, and UV-GI are promising for mask reuse, peracetic acid and PX-UV need more data, and autoclaving and ethanol lead to mask durability failures. Data on other mask types is limited. We thus recommend focusing guidelines and further research on the use of heat, hydrogen peroxide, and UVGI for N95 mask disinfection/reuse. All of these disinfection options could be investigated for use in LMIC and humanitarian contexts.TOC ArtSynopsisIn resource-limited contexts, N95s are reused. We recommend using heat, hydrogen peroxide, or UVGI to disinfect and reuse N95 masks.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of mask disinfection and reuse for SARS-CoV-2 (through July 10, 2020)

Rothe

Rohm

Mitchell

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“… 6 , 8 , 9 A recent meta-analysis summarized the published results of SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination on surfaces in different environments, revealing that 21% of the testing surfaces in testing laboratories and 17% of the testing surfaces in COVID-19 patient rooms were positive in PCR tests. 10 The viable virus can be isolated for up to 28 days on common surfaces (glass, stainless steel, etc.) by postinoculation 11 and was also found on the surface of the cold-chain food package.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Tracking of the Interfacial Dynamics of Single SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses

Liu

Yang

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The frequent detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in healthcare environments, accommodations, and wastewater has attracted great attention to the risk of viral transmission by environmental fomites. However, the process of SARS-CoV-2 adsorption to exposed surfaces in high-risk environments remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the interfacial dynamics of single SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with plasmonic imaging technology. Through the use of this technique, which has high spatial and temporal resolution, we tracked the collision of viruses at a surface and differentiated their stable adsorption and transient adsorption. We determined the effect of the electrostatic force on virus adhesion by correlating the solution and surface chemistry with the interfacial diffusion velocity and equilibrium position. Viral adsorption was found to be enhanced in real scenarios, such as in simulated saliva. This work not only describes a plasmonic imaging method to examine the interfacial dynamics of a single virus but also provides direct measurements of the factors that regulate the interfacial adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Such information is valuable for understanding virus transport and environmental transmission and even for designing anticontamination surfaces.

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“…In COVID-19 ICUs, the risk of environmental contamination is exacerbated by commonly used aerosolizing practices and procedures, including endotracheal intubation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilation, and tracheotomies [11][12][13][14]. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 viral particles can persist on surfaces for up to 9 days with fomite-dependent halflives ranging from 2.3-17.9 h on stainless steel, plastic, and nitriles-all surfaces commonly found in hospitals [15,16]. The potentially high infectivity of COVID-19 has generated uncertainty regarding how to manage patients diagnosed with COVID-19 while preventing in-hospital and intra-departmental dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 viral particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Decontamination and Containment in a COVID-19 ICU

Brune

Kuschner

Mootz

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Health care systems in the United States are continuously expanding and contracting spaces to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in intensive care units (ICUs). As a result, hospitals must effectively decontaminate and contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in constructed and deconstructed ICUs that care for patients with COVID-19. We assessed decontamination of a COVID-19 ICU and examined the containment efficacy of combined contact and droplet precautions in creating and maintaining a SARS-CoV-2–negative ICU “antechamber”. Methods: To examine the efficacy of chemical decontamination, we used high-density, semi-quantitative environmental sampling to detect SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces in a COVID-19 ICU and COVID-19 ICU antechamber. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure viral RNA on surfaces. Viral location mapping revealed the distribution of viral RNA in the COVID-19 ICU and COVID-19 ICU antechamber. Results were further assessed using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Results: We collected 224 surface samples pre-decontamination and 193 samples post-decontamination from a COVID-19 ICU and adjoining COVID-19 ICU antechamber. We found that 46% of antechamber objects were positive for SARS-CoV-2 pre-decontamination despite the construction of a swinging door barrier system, implementation of contact precautions, and installation of high-efficiency particulate air filters. The object positivity rate reduced to 32.1% and viral particle rate reduced by 95.4% following decontamination. Matched items had an average of 432.2 ± 2729 viral copies/cm2 pre-decontamination and 19.2 ± 118 viral copies/cm2 post-decontamination, demonstrating significantly reduced viral surface distribution (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Environmental sampling is an effective method for evaluating decontamination protocols and validating measures used to contain SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. While chemical decontamination effectively removes detectable viral RNA from surfaces, our approach to droplet/contact containment with an antechamber was not highly effective. These data suggest that hospitals should plan for the potential of aerosolized virions when creating strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2.

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A Systematic Review of Surface Contamination, Stability, and Disinfection Data on SARS-CoV-2 (Through July 10, 2020)

Cited by 58 publications

References 106 publications

A systematic review of mask disinfection and reuse for SARS-CoV-2 (through July 10, 2020)

A systematic review of mask disinfection and reuse for SARS-CoV-2 (through July 10, 2020)

Optical Tracking of the Interfacial Dynamics of Single SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses

Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Decontamination and Containment in a COVID-19 ICU

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