A systematic review of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and smoking behaviors: Smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation

Smoking by family members and friends and electroniccigarette use in adolescence: A systematic review and metaanalysis

“…Hence, our findings probably exacerbate public health concerns, by providing new evidence that a similar influence may extend to e-cigarette use behaviors. According to previous studies, the effects of family and friend smoking on adolescent smoking were thought to operate through genetics, behavior imitation, peer pressure and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure [20][21][22][23] . Similarly, we propose that these genetic and environmental factors may explain the observed family and peer influence on e-cigarette use in adolescents in the current study.…”

Tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure in young adolescents aged 12–15 years: data from 68 low-income and middle-income countries

“…Exposure to second-hand smoke was associated with increased risk of tobacco use in young adolescents in our study, consistent with results of a previous review showing that second-hand smoke was positively associated with smoking susceptibility, smoking initiation, and nicotine dependence; and negatively associated with smoking cessation. 24 This association might relate to several factors. First, second-hand smoke exposure can be a proxy for social cues and pressures to smoke from peers, siblings, teachers, or parents or guardians.…”

“…Second, nicotine exposure from second-hand smoke might activate neural pathways, which increases the brain sensitivity to nicotine and promotes an urge to smoke. 24 About 40% of men and 10% of women worldwide are tobacco users. 4,6 As a result, many never-smokers, including women, children, and adolescents, are exposed to second-hand smoke.…”

Airborne Nicotine, Secondhand Smoke, and Precursors to Adolescent Smoking

“…20 Problematically, most studies only examine self-reported SHS, not objective pharmacological exposure to airborne nicotine. 26 Pharmacological exposure to airborne nicotine can be measured by using biomarkers. Nicotine is predominantly metabolized into cotinine, which can be found in blood, saliva, and urine.…”