A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Brain Metastases and Value of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Sun, Dianshui; Hu, Likuan; Cai, Ying; Li, Xiaomei; Ye, Lan; Hou, Huaying; Wang, Cuihong; Jiang, Yuhua

doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.3.1233

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The evaluation of the risk factors for brain metastases to find the patients with NSCLC who may develop BM and benefit from PCI is meaningful. Although studies have focused on this problem, a systematic summary is still necessary because of the rapid development of treatments for NSCLC, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy. This review discusses several publications on the risk factors for BM and describes the risk factors for developing brain metastases in NSCLC patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer

Wang

et al. 2018

Cancer Medicine

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Brain metastases (BM) are severe incidents in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The controversial value of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in NSCLC in terms of survival benefit prompted us to explore the possible risk factors for BM in NSCLC and identify the potential population most likely to benefit from PCI. Risk factors for brain metastases in NSCLC are reviewed in this article. Identifying patients with a higher risk of BM could possibly increase the benefit of PCI while reducing the discomfort and risks caused by unnecessary invasive procedures in the NSCLC patient population. Future studies might focus on finding a solid basis for the prediction of the occurrence of brain metastases and for the therapeutic decision on the use of PCI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer

Wang

et al. 2018

Cancer Medicine

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“…In particular, lung adenocarcinoma (LADC), the most common subtype of non-small-cell lung cancer, accounts for 40% of lung cancer incidences [2]. Despite advancements in molecular diagnosis and targeted therapies, the average 5-year survival rate for LADC is approximately 15%, mainly because of cancer cell metastasis and the lack of effective late-stage treatment [3]. Thus, it is urgent to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanism that regulates the carcinogenesis and metastasis of LADC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annexin A3 Knockdown Suppresses Lung Adenocarcinoma

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Analytical Cellular Pathology

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Our previous study identified an elevated abundance of annexin A3 (Anxa3) as a novel prognostic biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) through quantitative proteomics analysis. However, the biological functions of Anxa3 in LADC are not fully clear. In this study, in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to investigate the effects of Anxa3 downregulation on the growth, migration, invasion, metastasis, and signaling pathway activation of LADC cells. After Anxa3 downregulation, the growth of A549 and LTEP-a2 LADC cells was slowed and they showed decreased migration and invasion in vitro. Anxa3 knockdown significantly inhibited tumor formation by A549 cells in vivo; while many metastases were formed by control A549 cells, there were obvious reductions in the numbers of lung, liver, and brain metastases formed by Anxa3 knockdown in A549 cells. Furthermore, Anxa3 knockdown significantly decreased MMP-2 and N-cadherin expression and increased E-cadherin expression both in cell lines in vitro and in tumor nodules examined during in vivo tumorigenesis assays. Interestingly, Anxa3 downregulation reduced the phosphorylated levels of MEK and ERK. In summary, Anxa3 knockdown inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis of LADC, decreased the activation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway, and modulated the expression of MMP-2, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin.

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“…Thus, PCI might reduce the incidence of BM, but fails to provide a survival benefit (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) for all patients. Many scholars have attempted to identify clinicopathological characteristics to predict BM and guide PCI in NSCLC, but their results were disappointing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The predictive value and potential mechanisms of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 for brain metastases in operable and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

Sun

et al. 2015

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology

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Objective: The incidence of brain metastases greatly varies in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, and molecular markers are considered to predict brain metastases. Therefore, this study sought to identify the predictive value and potential mechanisms of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 for brain metastases in non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods: Patients who received a curable surgery for their lung cancer were screened according to our criteria. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from the patients were examined for the expression of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 using real-time polymerase chain reaction and the expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor, protein kinase Cα and S100B were investigated using immunohistochemical staining. Results: In total, 86 patients were screened for this study and 23 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases during the follow-up period. Comparing patients with and without brain metastases, the expression of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 in tumor tissues were significantly different (P = 6.2 × 10 −5 and P = 2.8 × 10 −5 , respectively). For the patients with brain metastases, the expression of miRNA-328and miRNA-378 in tumor tissues compared with para-carcinoma tissues were also significantly different (P = 2.2 × 10 −5 and P = 1.6 × 10 −5 , respectively). For patients with brain metastases, the association between miRNA-328 and protein kinase Cα was significant (r = 0.591, P = 0.003), but that between miRNA-378 and protein kinase Cα was not significant (r = 0.259, P = 0.232). Conclusions:The expression of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 in tumor tissues can be used to predict brain metastases in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. miRNA-328 might promote brain metastases by regulating the expression of protein kinase Cα. However, the mechanisms of miRNA-378 to promote brain metastases should be studied in the future.

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A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Brain Metastases and Value of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer

Risk factors for brain metastases in patients with non–small‐cell lung cancer

Annexin A3 Knockdown Suppresses Lung Adenocarcinoma

The predictive value and potential mechanisms of miRNA-328 and miRNA-378 for brain metastases in operable and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer

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