A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies on the Impact of Blue Space on Urban Human Health

Smith, Niamh; Chastin, Sébastien

doi:10.1007/s35147-022-1040-7

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“…With respect to the direct effect of blue space on mental health disorders, previous studies have reported a beneficial effect of closer proximity to blue space on mental health. In more detail, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 studies on the impact of urban blue spaces on human health found that people living closer to blue space had better self-reported mental health and wellbeing (Cohen's d − 0.25, 95% confidence interval − 0.44 to − 0.07) 46 . However, the evidence base solely consisted of cross-sectional studies using mainly self-reported measures of mental health and wellbeing 46 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more detail, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 studies on the impact of urban blue spaces on human health found that people living closer to blue space had better self-reported mental health and wellbeing (Cohen's d − 0.25, 95% confidence interval − 0.44 to − 0.07) 46 . However, the evidence base solely consisted of cross-sectional studies using mainly self-reported measures of mental health and wellbeing 46 . The lack of evidence of a direct effect of blue space on www.nature.com/scientificreports/ mental health disorders in our large longitudinal study of routine NHS data suggests that more longitudinal research should be conducted on the matter, using clinical markers of mental health, for conclusive evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A population-based retrospective study of the modifying effect of urban blue space on the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on mental health, 2009–2018

Georgiou

Tieges

Morison

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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The incidence of mental health disorders in urban areas is increasing and there is a growing interest in using urban blue spaces (urban waterways, canals, lakes, ponds, coasts, etc.) as a tool to manage and mitigate mental health inequalities in the population. However, there is a dearth of longitudinal evidence of the mechanisms and impact of blue spaces on clinical markers of mental health to support and inform such interventions. We conducted a 10-year retrospective study, following STROBE guidelines, using routinely collected population primary care health data within the National Health Service (NHS) administrative area of Greater Glasgow and Clyde for the North of Glasgow city area. We explored whether living near blue space modifies the negative effect of socio-economic deprivation on mental health during the regeneration of an urban blue space (canal) from complete dereliction and closure. A total of 132,788 people (65,351 female) fulfilling the inclusion criteria were entered in the analysis. We established a base model estimating the effect of deprivation on the risk of mental health disorders using a Cox proportional hazards model, adjusted for age, sex and pre-existing comorbidities. We then investigated the modifying effect of living near blue space by computing a second model which included distance to blue space as an additional predicting variable and compared the results to the base model. Living near blue space modified the risk of mental health disorders deriving from socio-economic deprivation by 6% (hazard ratio 2.48, 95% confidence interval 2.39–2.57) for those living in the most deprived tertile (T1) and by 4% (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.60–1.72) for those in the medium deprivation tertile (T2). Our findings support the notion that living near blue space could play an important role in reducing the burden of mental health inequalities in urban populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%