A Systematic Review of Major Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Growing Global Health Concern

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease has become a growing global and public health concern among non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The purpose of the study was to focus on the increasing prevalence of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), irrespective of age and gender, and its effect on public health worldwide. A literature search was done in the electronic database: Medline, PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the World Health Organization (WHO) website, based on recent research and the prevalence of the risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, a manual search for published work has also been done. The coronary heart disease studies were not restricted during the search by sample size because of the limited number of studies in selected countries. The study reviews the potential risk factors responsible for coronary heart disease globally. Smoking was highly prevalent among the United States and Pakistani populations, but hypertension and diabetes were more common in Tanzania and the United Kingdom. However, dyslipidaemia and obesity were common in almost all the selected countries. CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in some countries, varying socioeconomic, gender, and educational levels. Furthermore, there has always been a need for awareness in the public and educational programs for a healthy lifestyle, intake of nutritional food, and increased physical activity to improve health conditions and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Association between dietary intake of anthocyanidins and heart failure among American adults: NHANES (2007–2010 and 2017–2018)

“…At present, cardiovascular disease has caused great social burden, so many scholars are emphasizing the importance of dietary habits in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases ( 23 ). With the increasing demand for flavonoids ( 24 ), anthocyanidins have been discovered many benefits for cardiovascular system, which is a subgroup of flavonoids ( 25 ).…”

Marine Microalgal Products with Activities against Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases

“…The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are mainly attributable to an unhealthy lifestyle, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, stress, genetic predisposition, diabetes, obesity and aging (Figure 1) [18]. As reported in Izzo et al [19], both age and gender are risk factors.…”

“…Possible women-specific risk factors that have been considered include gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and preeclampsia, as well as reproductive endocrine disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome and menopause [20]. CVD risk factors are highly prevalent in some countries and vary according to socioeconomic, gender, and educational levels [18]. In Pakistan, smoking (46%), family history (43%), hypertension (37%), dyslipidemia (33%), diabetes mellitus (18%) and overweight (63.3%) are the most common risk factors found in CVD patients under 45 years of age [21].…”

Structured self-management education programmes for Cardiometabolic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): A Systematic Review Protocol

“…(4) Cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) comprise a cluster of conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, which are strong risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke and ischaemic heart disease. (5,6) It has been projected that the number of people in SSA with diabetes, a major component of NCDs, will rise from 7.2 million in 2000 to 18.7 million in 2030, representing an alarming 161% increase. The projected increase in the prevalence of diabetes in SSA is much higher than the projected global average of 114%.…”