A Systematic Review of Interleukin-1β in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies

Waheed, Aysha; Dalton, Bethan; Wesemann, Ulrich; Ibrahim, Merdol; Himmerich, Hubertus

doi:10.1089/jir.2017.0088

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Our findings are in accordance with some, but not all previous research. Studies have found PTSD symptoms to decrease over time, 10 with increasing IL-1β levels, 21 but also with decreasing IL-1β levels. 22 Increasing levels of TNF-α have also been found despite decreasing symptom severity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anti-inflammatory agents have been suggested to reduce IL-1β and play a role in future treatment of PTSD. 10 , 29 We analyzed anti-inflammatory drug use in the patient sample in general to get an impression of overall levels and development of inflammatory markers. We found a higher level of IL-1β in those using anti-inflammatory drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inconsistent findings in previous research could be due to various confounders like the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, 10 which might alter inflammatory activity by inhibiting production of enzymes COX-1 and COX-2. 11 Such drugs have been reported to relieve depression symptoms by reducing levels of IL-6, 12 and also attenuate effects of the antidepressive selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors drugs when used in combination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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PTSD patients show increasing cytokine levels during treatment despite reduced psychological distress

Toft¹,

Bramness²,

Lien³

et al. 2018

NDT

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BackgroundA reciprocal relationship between activated innate immune system and changes in mood and behavior has been established. There is still a paucity of knowledge on how the immune system responds during psychiatric treatment. We aimed to explore circulating cytokines and assess psychiatric symptom severity scores during 12 weeks of inpatient psychiatric treatment.MethodsThe study was a longitudinal assessment of 124 patients (88 women and 36 men) in treatment at Modum Psychiatric Center, Norway. The patient sample comprised a mixed psychiatric population of whom 39 were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Serum blood samples for cytokine analysis and measures of mental distress using Global Severity Index were collected at admission (T0), halfway (T1), and before discharge (T2). Other factors assessed were age, gender, and the use of antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. Multilevel modeling was used for longitudinal analyses to assess the repeated cytokine samples within each patient.ResultsOverall level of IL-1RA was higher in PTSD patients when compared to those without PTSD (P=0.021). The level of IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α increased over time in PTSD compared to non-PTSD patients (P=0.025, P=0.011 and P=0.008, respectively). All patients experienced reduced mental distress as measured by self-reported Global Severity Index scores. Stratified analysis showed that PTSD patients who used anti-inflammatory drugs had higher levels of IL-1β (P=0.007) and TNF-α (P=0.049) than PTSD patients who did not use such drugs.ConclusionThe study indicates that traumatized patients may have a distinct neuroimmune development during recovery. Their activated immune system shows even further activation during their rehabilitation despite symptom reduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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PTSD patients show increasing cytokine levels during treatment despite reduced psychological distress

Toft¹,

Bramness²,

Lien³

et al. 2018

NDT

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“…In recent years, evidence has shown that cytokines play an important role in mental health and the pathophysiology of mental disorders, including disorders which are highly comorbid with EDs such as depression (Dowlati et al, 2010;Lichtblau et al, 2013), anxiety disorders (Baldwin et al, 2017;Quagliato and Nardi, 2017), post-traumatic stress disorder (Hussein et al, 2017;Waheed et al, 2018), and sleep disorders (Weschenfelder et al, 2012). Cytokines have also been linked with body weight and its regulation (Fonseka et al, 2016); for example, plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 have been shown to correlate positively with body mass index (BMI) (Himmerich et al, 2006;Schmidt et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of cytokine concentrations in eating disorders

Dalton

Bartholdy

Robinson

et al. 2018

Journal of Psychiatric Research

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150

111

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Cytokines are signalling molecules, which play an important role in both immune system function and brain development and function, and subsequently mental states and behaviour. Cytokines have been implicated in eating disorders (EDs) due to their role in psychological health, body weight and appetite regulation. This meta-analysis examined cross-sectional and longitudinal studies measuring concentrations of cytokines in individuals with EDs. Using PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, independently, firstly with all EDs combined and then stratified by ED diagnosis. Twenty-five studies were included: serum/plasma cytokine concentrations were measured in people with anorexia nervosa (AN) in 23 studies and bulimia nervosa (BN) in 4 studies. TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated in ED participants compared to healthy controls (HCs). Specifically, this pattern was seen only when comparing AN participants to HCs. Concentrations of these cytokines did not differ between people with BN and HCs. IL-1β and TGF-β did not differ between HCs and any ED group. Therefore, AN seems to be associated with elevated concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6. Considering the role of cytokines in appetite, mood regulation, and anxiety, these pro-inflammatory cytokines could be a potential future drug target to help people with AN, not only with weight gain, but also with various coexisting psychological problems. Future studies should consider confounding factors that affect cytokine concentrations and report ED-relevant clinical characteristics.

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“…Also, the variety of diagnoses may explain a wide spread in cytokine levels in our study population. It has been suggested that anti-inflammatory drugs may play a role in outcome of PTSD by altering neuro-immune processes (Miller et al, 2018;Waheed et al, 2018) and thus contribute to mental recovery. Among those not using anti-inflammatory drugs, the PTSD patients had significantly higher GSI levels than non-PTSD patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs

Toft

Lien

Abebe

et al. 2019

Acta Neuropsychiatr.

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Objective:Cross-sectional data show elevated levels of circulating cytokines in psychiatric patients. The literature is divided concerning anti-inflammatory drugs’ ability to relieve symptoms, questioning a causal link between inflammatory pathways and psychiatric conditions. We hypothesised that the development of circulating cytokine levels is related to mental distress, and that this relationship is affected by the use of anti-inflammatory drugs.Methods:The study was a longitudinal assessment of 12-week inpatient treatment at Modum Bad Psychiatric Center, Norway. Sera and self-reported Global Severity Index (GSI) scores, which measure psychological distress, were collected at admission (T0), halfway (T1) and before discharge (T2). Other variables known to distort the neuroimmune interplay were included. These were age, gender, diagnosis of PTSD, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory drugs. A total of 128 patients (92 women and 36 men) were included, and 28 were using anti-inflammatory medication. Multilevel modelling was used for data analysis.Results:Patients with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 had higher GSI scores (p = 0.005 and p = 0.020). PTSD patients scored higher on GSI than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.002). These relationships were mostly present among those not using anti-inflammatory drugs (n = 99), with higher levels of IL-1RA and MCP-1 being related to higher GSI score (p = 0.023 and 0.018, respectively). Again, PTSD patients showed higher GSI levels than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.014).Conclusions:Cytokine levels were associated with level of mental distress as measured by the GSI scores, but this relationship was not present among those using anti-inflammatory drugs. We found no association between cytokine levels and development of GSI score over time.

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A Systematic Review of Interleukin-1β in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies

Cited by 21 publications

References 61 publications

PTSD patients show increasing cytokine levels during treatment despite reduced psychological distress

PTSD patients show increasing cytokine levels during treatment despite reduced psychological distress

A meta-analysis of cytokine concentrations in eating disorders

Cytokine concentrations are related to level of mental distress in inpatients not using anti-inflammatory drugs

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