A systematic review and meta‐analysis of school and cognitive function domains of health‐related quality of life measures for children and young adults with congenital heart disease

Abstract

BackgroundResearch on cognitive and school functioning domains of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents inconsistencies.ObjectivesTo summarize and synthesize data on school and cognitive function domains of HRQOL for children and young people (CYP) with CHD.MethodsFive electronic databases MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, EMBASE, ERI, and citations were systematically searched. We included original‐research articles reporting the cognitive and school function domains of HRQOL for children and young people with CHD (child and parent reports included). Both fixed and random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed to estimate pooled mean test scores for cognitive and school function. A total of 34 studies met our inclusion criteria and were synthesized narratively, 17 studies were included in formal meta‐analyses.ResultsSelf‐reported cognitive function was lower for children and young people with CHD than healthy controls (SMD −0.28 (−0.42, −0.15)). Parental reports demonstrated similar results to self‐reports (SMD −0.54 (−0.91, −0.18)). School function was lower in children and young people with CHD compared with healthy controls in self‐reported (SMD −0.30 (−0.48, −0.13)) and parent reported HRQOL (SMD −0.49 (0.64, −0.36)). Self‐reported school function domain scores were lower for young (<8 years) (SMD −0.65 (−1.32, 0.03)) and older children (8–18 years) (SMD −0.25 (−0.47, −0.03)) with CHD than their peers. Similarly, parents reported lower school function domain scores for young (<8 years) (SMD −0.68 (−1.29, −0.07)) and older (8–18 years) (SMD −0.46 (−068, −0.25)) children with CHD than typically developing peers.ConclusionChildren born with CHD may experience lower cognitive and school function HRQOL scores than healthy controls (self and proxy‐report). This is consistent with a subgroup meta‐analysis of young (<8 years) and older (8 years old or more) children with CHD reporting lower school function scores compared to controls.