A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis

Abstract

Background: General population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students in Spain are at risk of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis. A meta-analysis of the individual studies on these symptoms would provide systematic evidence to aid policymakers and researchers in focusing on prevalence, risk, and best interventions. Objective: This paper aims to be the first meta-analysis and systematic review to calculate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in Spain’s adult population (general population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students) during the Covid-19 epidemic. Method: Random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Results: The meta-analysis includes 28 studies with 38 individual samples in Spain. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in 22 studies comprising a sample population of 82,024 was 20% (95% CI: 15–25%), that of depression symptoms in 22 articles with a total sample comprising 82,890 individuals was 22% (95% CI: 18–28%), and that of insomnia symptoms in three articles with a sample population of 745 was 57% (95% CI: 48–66%. Conclusions: The accumulative evidence reveals that adults in Spain suffered higher prevalence rates of mental symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis, with a significantly higher rate relative to other countries such as China. Our synthesis also reveals a relative lack of studies on frontline and general HCWs in Spain.

Psychological Distress in South African Healthcare Workers Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Associations and Mitigating Factors

“…In a systematic review with meta-analysis, Chen et al reported the overall prevalence of mental health disorders in front-line HCWs, general HCWs, and the general population in African countries as 49%, 36%, and 38%, respectively [ 66 ]. Another review revealed an overall prevalence of mental illness symptoms in front-line HCWs and the general population in Spain of 42% and 19%, respectively [ 68 ]. The pooled prevalence of psychological distress and burnout reported by Batra et al was 46.1% and 37.4% among HCWs [ 67 ].…”

Emotion and International Business: Theorising Fear of Failure in the Internationalisation

“…Fourth, future research is encouraged to research the fear of failure and the IP model by considering the COVID-19 phenomenon. COVID-19 has been last for 2 years which is associated with businesses risks ( Yue et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2021 ) and mental health symptoms, i.e., a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Pappa et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Although COVID-19 has reached researchers’ attention on IB policy ( Van Assche and Lundan, 2020 ) and strategy ( Verbeke and Yuan, 2021 ), there is no IB empirical research that explored the fear of failure.…”

“…Globalisation of the world economy has created international opportunities. Nevertheless, taking the current international business (IB) environment into consideration, the global infection status of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) had brought risks on economic activities ( Yue et al, 2020 ) and mental health disorders to individuals ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Pappa et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ). Internationalisation is instrumental to a firm’s survival and growth along with the potential for a positive effect on economic development ( The World Bank, 2019 ).…”

Unravelling the link between sleep and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…In general, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances in many regions of the world (Halsøy, Johnson, Hoffart, & Ebrahimi, 2021; Zhang et al, 2022). The purpose of our study is to describe the regional variation and the development of the longitudinal relationships between sleep and mental health as well as between sleep, mental health, and the incidence of COVID-19 in Sweden over a 14-month period of the pandemic using a set of different analyses.…”

“…In general, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances in many regions of the world (Halsøy, Johnson, Hoffart, & Ebrahimi, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022).…”