A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of depression in children and adolescents after exposure to trauma

Abstract

This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Highlights  24.2% of youth had clinically significant depression symptoms or diagnosis.  Depression was assessed via validated self-report measures or diagnostic interviews  Girls had greater odds of depression than boys.  Interpersonal violence yielded higher depression rates than other types of trauma  The effect of trauma exposure on depression scores was medium in size

Interpersonal Trauma Exposure and Interpersonal Problems in Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

“…Interpersonal traumas included: sexual maltreatment or abuse; sexual assault or rape; physical maltreatment or abuse; physical assault; emotional abuse or psychological maltreatment; neglect; domestic violence; war, terrorism, or political violence inside the United States; war, terrorism, or political violence outside the United States; kidnapping; forced displacement; impaired caregiver; extreme interpersonal violence not reported elsewhere; community violence not reported elsewhere; and school violence not reported elsewhere. This categorization is consistent with previous studies that have compared exposure to interpersonal and noninterpersonal trauma exposure (e.g., Alisic et al., 2014; Kerig et al., 2009; Vibhakar et al., 2019). A summary score was created to reflect the cumulative number of interpersonal trauma types adolescents experienced (range: 1–15).…”

Toward a New Model of Understanding, Preventing, and Treating Adolescent Depression Focusing on Exhaustion and Stress

“…This causes differences in diagnosis based on which scale is used (18). The widely varying patterns in which these symptoms often present themselves (19,20), and the high occurrence of several comorbidities, such as anxiety, psychosis, and autism spectrum disorder, indicate that depression is not a homogenous disease, but a continuous, heterogeneous group of disorders associated with a wide variety of different risk factors (4,8,(21)(22)(23)(24).…”

“…Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide (1), with 10 to 15% of patients proceeding to suicide (2,3), and a substantive disease burden for adolescents and young adults (4)(5)(6). Depression is a heterogeneous group of brain disorders with varied contextualized origins, complex genetics and a neurobiology that is not completely understood.…”

“…Depression is a heterogeneous group of brain disorders with varied contextualized origins, complex genetics and a neurobiology that is not completely understood. The etiology is not elucidated, and particularly for adolescents there is an evidence gap (4,7,8). The serendipitous discovery of first the tri-and tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and later the stress-modulating serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) led successively to the catecholamine and monoamine hypotheses of depression (9).…”

An Urgent Request for Evidence-Based Mental Health Intervention Research in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries

“…For example, children and adolescents in LMICs that have experienced either man-made (such as civil conflict or war) or natural disasters (such as flooding or drought), are at greater risk from a variety of mental health issues, the most common of which are elevated anxiety and mood disorders, suicide and suicidal ideation, acute stress reactions including post-traumatic stress disorders, sleep disruption, as well as a decreased sense of self and identity from loss (of place or person) and grief reactions. [10][11][12][13] Interestingly, neuroscience research has comprehensively documented that prolonged exposure to the stress hormone, cortisol, can damage areas of the brain associated with memory, movement and mental health. 14 Therefore, it is hardly surprising that suicide rates in a number of LMICs are some of the highest in the world.…”