Metacognition refers to knowledge about one's own cognition. The present study was designed to assess metacognitive skills that either precede or follow task engagement, rather than the processes that occur during a task. Specifically, we examined prediction and evaluation skills among children with (n = 17) or without (n = 179) mathematics learning disability (MLD), from grades 2 to 4. Children were asked to predict which of several math problems they could solve correctly; later, they were asked to solve those problems. They were asked to evaluate whether their solution to each of another set of problems was correct. Children's ability to evaluate their answers to math problems improved from grade 2 to grade 3, whereas there was no change over time in the children's ability to predict which problems they could solve correctly. Children with MLD were less accurate than children without MLD in evaluating both their correct and incorrect solutions, and they were less accurate at predicting which problems they could solve correctly. However, children with MLD were as accurate as their peers in correctly predicting that they could not solve specific math problems. The findings have implications for the usefulness of children's self-review during mathematics problem solving.Approximately 6 percent of school-age children are identified as having difficulties in mathematics that cannot be attributed to having low intelligence, a sensory deficit, or lack of economic resources (Badian, 1983;Lyon, 1996). This prevalence rate has been reported by researchers across the globe (Gross-Tsur, Manor, & Shalev, 1996;Ramaa & Gowramma, 2002), as reviewed elsewhere (Shalev, Auerbach, Mannor, & Gross-Tsur, 2000). Moreover, results from the first population-based prevalence study in the United States suggest that the cumulative incidence of math learning disability (MLD) ranges from 6 percent to 14 percent, depending on how MLD is defined (Barbaresi, Katusic, Colligan, Weaver, & Jacobson, 2005). Although MLD affects many students, the phenomenon is not well understood (e.g., Butterworth, 2005;Gersten, Jordan, & Flojo, 2005;Mazzocco, 2005). Unlike research in reading disabilities (RD), the field of MLD research has a briefer history, making it more difficult to clearly define what constitutes MLD, and how MLD should be assessed. No core deficit for MLD has been identified; indeed, it may be impossible to do so, given the wide ranging skills related to poor math performance (Geary, 2004). Yet information about MLD is needed to inform the practices of early identification, intervention, or instructional modifications of children with persistent difficulty in mathematics.Requests for reprints should be sent to Dr. Michèle M. M. Mazzocco, Director, Math Skills Development Project, 3825 Greenspring Avenue, Painter Building, Baltimore, MD 21211. Electronic inquiries may be sent to mazzocco@kennedykrieger.org.
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Author ManuscriptLearn Disabil Res Pract. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 14.
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