A Systematic Literature Review on Risk Factors for and Timing of Clostridioides difficile Infection in the United States

Abstract

Introduction: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a major public health threat. Up to 40% of patients with CDI experience recurrent CDI (rCDI), which is associated with increased morbidity. This study aimed to define an at-risk population by obtaining a detailed understanding of the different factors leading to CDI, rCDI, and CDI-related morbidity and of time to CDI. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of MEDLINE (using PubMed) and EMBASE for relevant articles published between January 1, 2016, and November 11, 2022, covering the US population. Results: Of the 1324 articles identified, 151 met prespecified inclusion criteria. Advanced patient age was a likely risk factor for primary

The Impact of Gastroesophageal Disease on Clostridium difficile Infection Hospitalization: A Nationwide Analysis From the United States

“…GERD is usually treated with acid suppression which can be available easily over the counter or via prescription. A systematic analysis found an increased risk of CDI (odds ratio (OR) = 1.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.47-2.85) or risk of recurrent CDI (OR = 2.51, 95% CI = 1.16-5.44) with long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use [ 10 ].…”