A Systematic Literature Review on the Use of Games for Attitude Change

Abstract

Governments are increasingly using games for civic engagement, decision making, and education. Serious gaming is a type of game that has often been advocated as a means for changing the attitude of its players and can be used for changing the attitude of civil servants. However, the relationship between games and attitude change in civil servants remains unexplored. This paper aims at identifying factors leading to attitude change of civil servants. As hardly any paper is focused on civil servants' attitude change through games, the authors broaden their research to attitude change through games in general. Out of 483 documents, 19 reference papers were analyzed in detail. Eighty-one games were found, and more than 13 different theories were identified containing 30 different influencing factors, which were found mostly to be unrelated and context-dependent. The conceptual dispersion between studies indicates that the resulting overview of factors is a first step towards creating a uniform theory. The results can help governments to design better games.

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“…Then the results were filtered based on “Document Type” and only “Articles” and “Reviews” were selected because according to Gomes et al (2018), these documents provide suitable metadata for bibliometric analysis. At the next step, to identify format scans in refining the initial results (Kleiman et al , 2020), only English language documents were selected. Among the categories, the items selected were: Management, Business, Operations Research, Management Science, Engineering, Industrial, Social Science Mathematical Methods, Public Administration and Business Finance.…”

“…The systematic literature review comprises of: selection of bibliometric database; defining keywords; refining the initial results; data analysis plan; and finally, identification of research gap and future research directions (Verma et al , 2021). One of the actions taken in conducting the review is “study quality assessment” that means “refine content in order to have papers with a similar object (content scan)” (Kleiman et al , 2020). In other words, the content scan of the documents on the basis of subject review is done after identification of the year range of publication, and the language of the documents by content classification of the remained documents according to search concepts (Kleiman et al , 2020).…”

“…One of the actions taken in conducting the review is “study quality assessment” that means “refine content in order to have papers with a similar object (content scan)” (Kleiman et al , 2020). In other words, the content scan of the documents on the basis of subject review is done after identification of the year range of publication, and the language of the documents by content classification of the remained documents according to search concepts (Kleiman et al , 2020). In reality, in the stages of this review, according to research purpose, some papers are included or excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria (Purwanto et al , 2020), which will be explained in more detail in the methodology section of this research.…”