A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis on the global prevalence of
            <i>Naegleria</i>
            spp. in water sources

Saberi, Reza; Seifi, Zahra; Dodangeh, Samira; Najafi, Azar; Hosseini, Seyed Abdollah; Anvari, Davood; Taghipour, Ali; Norouzi, Maryam; Niyyati, Maryam

doi:10.1111/tbed.13635

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…A similar result was reported in a study that aimed to determine the prevalence of Naegleria spp. in water resources (Saberi et al, 2020). This reduction in the prevalence reported in most recent studies was attributed to the most accurate diagnosis and reduction of false positive results (Jahangeeer et al, 2020;Saberi et al, 2020), as contrary to studies published up to 2010, the vast majority of studies published after 2010 used molecular methods for FLA identification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in water resources (Saberi et al, 2020). This reduction in the prevalence reported in most recent studies was attributed to the most accurate diagnosis and reduction of false positive results (Jahangeeer et al, 2020;Saberi et al, 2020), as contrary to studies published up to 2010, the vast majority of studies published after 2010 used molecular methods for FLA identification. Curiously our results show that the general prevalence of FLA considering studies that they have simultaneously used morphological and molecular methods coincides with the average prevalence obtained considering data from studies that used only one of the methods (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was determined that the prevalence of Naegleria spp in different water sources around the world (considering data from 35 countries) was 26.42%, in recreational water it was 21.27% (10.80 -34.11) and in swimming pools was 44. 80% (16.19 -75.45 ) (Saberi et al, 2020), however, the global prevalence of AFL in swimming pools and recreational waters remains to be determined. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chaúque

Santos

Anvari

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are cosmopolitan microorganisms known to be pathogenic to humans who often have a history of contact with contaminated water. Swimming pools and recreational waters are among the environments where the greatest human exposure to FLA occurs. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters, through a systematic review and meta-analysis that included studies published between 1977 and 2021. 71 studies were included and an overall prevalence of FLA in swimming pools and recreational waters of 40.89% (95% CI = 33.97–48.00) was found. Considering the studies published up to 2010 (1977 - 2010) and after 2010 (>2010 - 2021) the prevalence were 51.54% (95% CI = 36.65-66.29) and 37.95% (95% CI = 30.34 – 45.86), respectively. The highest prevalence were found in the American continent (59.52%), in Malaysia (89.33%) and in indoor hot pools 52.27%. In studies that used morphological methods, PCR and both methods simultaneously to identify FLA, the prevalence was 56.41, 22.32 and 39.94%, respectively. Considering only PCR-based studies, the prevalence of Naegleria spp., Acanthamoeba spp., Hartmanella spp. and Vermamoeba spp. was 10.01, 15.38, 16.40 and 16.06%, respectively. There is considerable risk of AFL infection in swimming pools and recreational waters. Recreational water safety needs to be routinely monitored and, in case of risk, locations need to be identified with warning signs and users need to be educated. Swimming pools and artificial recreational water should be properly disinfected. Photolysis of NaOCl or NaCl in water by UV-C radiation is a promising alternative to disinfect swimming pools and artificial recreational waters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Chaúque

Santos

Anvari

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…A recent meta-analysis estimated that the pooled prevalence of Naegleria spp. in water sources across 35 countries was 26.42% (95% CI = 21.52–31.63; [ 14 ]). Although Malaysia, a warm and temperate country located on the equator, has not recorded a case of N. fowleri , a few local studies have shown a significant abundance of Naegleria spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update

Zamzuri

Majid

Mihat

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Introduction: Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but lethal infection of the brain caused by a eukaryote called Naegleria fowleri (N. fowleri). The aim of this review is to consolidate the recently published case reports of N. fowleri infection by describing its epidemiology and clinical features with the goal of ultimately disseminating this information to healthcare personnel. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and OVID databases until 31 December 2022 by two independent reviewers. All studies from the year 2013 were extracted, and quality assessments were carried out meticulously prior to their inclusion in the final analysis. Results: A total of 21 studies were selected for qualitative analyses out of the 461 studies extracted. The cases were distributed globally, and 72.7% of the cases succumbed to mortality. The youngest case was an 11-day-old boy, while the eldest was a 75-year-old. Significant exposure to freshwater either from recreational activities or from a habit of irrigating the nostrils preceded onset. The symptoms at early presentation included fever, headache, and vomiting, while late sequalae showed neurological manifestation. An accurate diagnosis remains a challenge, as the symptoms mimic bacterial meningitis. Confirmatory tests include the direct visualisation of the amoeba or the use of the polymerase chain reaction method. Conclusions: N. fowleri infection is rare but leads to PAM. Its occurrence is worldwide with a significant risk of fatality. The suggested probable case definition based on the findings is the acute onset of fever, headache, and vomiting with meningeal symptoms following exposure to freshwater within the previous 14 days. Continuous health promotion and health education activities for the public can help to improve knowledge and awareness prior to engagement in freshwater activities.

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“…So far, no literature review was devoted to critically analysing the Brazilian publications on the FLA topic, although two 18 , 223 out of four literature reviews on Vermamoeba spp, 224 Naegleria , 15 , 223 and Acanthamoeba 18 mentioned the country, several Brazilian reports are missing in the latest literature reviews.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil - a systematic review

Bellini

Thiemann

Reyes-Batllé

et al. 2022

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Free-living amoeba (FLA) group includes the potentially pathogenic genera Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Balamuthia, Sappinia, and Vermamoeba, causative agents of human infections (encephalitis, keratitis, and disseminated diseases). In Brazil, the first report on pathogenic FLA was published in the 70s and showed meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria spp. FLA studies are emerging, but no literature review is available to investigate this trend in Brazil critically. Thus, the present work aims to integrate and discuss these data. Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched, retrieving studies from 1974 to 2020. The screening process resulted in 178 papers, which were clustered into core and auxiliary classes and sorted into five categories: wet-bench studies, dry-bench studies, clinical reports, environmental identifications, and literature reviews. The papers dating from the last ten years account for 75% (134/178) of the total publications, indicating the FLA topic has gained Brazilian interest. Moreover, 81% (144/178) address Acanthamoeba-related matter, revealing this genus as the most prevalent in all categories. Brazil's Southeast, South, and Midwest geographic regions accounted for 96% (171/178) of the publications studied in the present work. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the pioneer in summarising the FLA research history in Brazil.

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A systematic literature review and meta‐analysis on the global prevalence of Naegleria spp. in water sources

Cited by 15 publications

References 96 publications

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of free-living amoebae in swimming pools and recreational waters, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Systematic Review of Brain-Eating Amoeba: A Decade Update

A history of over 40 years of potentially pathogenic free-living amoeba studies in Brazil - a systematic review

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