A systematic assessment of threats affecting the rare plants of the United States

Hernández‐Yáñez, Haydée; Kos, Justin T.; Bast, Matthew D.; Griggs, Janeisha L.; Hage, Paul A.; Killian, A. Cozette; Loza, M. Isabel; Whitmore, Matthew B.; Smith, Adam B.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.10.009

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…However, such ratings are based mostly on biodiversity impacts of animal invaders, namely predators and grazers. Moreover, the most convincing cases of plant extinctions associated with plant and animal invasions are from islands where joint effects of grazing, changes in fire regime and plant invasions are the major threats (Hernández‐Yáñez et al., ). There are over 1,000 established (naturalized) non‐native plant species in California (Rejmánek, ), but their presence is usually associated with some form of human‐created disturbance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, one needs quite a bit of imagination to predict that any native plant species may be driven to extinction by invasive plants per se (Downey & Richardson, ; Gilbert & Levine, ). On the other hand, there is no doubt that invasive plant species contribute to the endangerment of native plant species in concert with other factors like livestock grazing, outdoor recreation and residential development (Didham et al., ; Hernández‐Yáñez et al., ). The major challenge for ecologists working on plant invasions is to quantify the extent of this contribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment

Rejmánek

2017

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim: Extinctions of species and subspecific taxa in hotspots of biodiversity deserve special attention. After more than 40 years of major efforts, estimates of extinct plant taxa in California seem to be somewhat stabilized. The time is ripe for an attempt to critically evaluate our current knowledge of plant extinctions in California and make a comparison with other countries with mediterranean-type climates. Location: California.Methods: Besides species-specific studies and personal communications, major databases and state floras were consulted. Results:Compared with all numbers published earlier, the current analysis ended with smaller numbers of globally extinct plant species and taxa (13 and 17, respectively) and larger numbers of species and taxa extinct in California, but still present in at least one other state or country (15 and 15). For each species, life form, habitat, year of the last collection and assumed drivers of extinction are listed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment

Rejmánek

2017

Diversity and Distributions

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“…, Hernández‐Yáñez et al. ), expenditures on plant conservation efforts being so limited (Negrón‐Ortiz ), and the survival of reintroduced individuals being so low (Godefroid et al. ), there is a critical need to enhance the success of rare plant reintroduction initiatives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional trait similarity predicts survival in rare plant reintroductions

Ames

Wall

Hohmann

et al. 2020

Ecological Applications

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Rare species reintroductions are an increasingly common conservation strategy, but often result in poor survival of reintroduced individuals. Reintroduction sites are chosen primarily based on historical occupancy and/or abiotic properties of the site, with much less consideration given to properties of the larger biotic community. However, ecological niche theory suggests that the ability to coexist with other species is determined in part by the degree of functional similarity between species. The degree to which functional similarity affects the survival of reintroduced plants is poorly understood, but has important implications for the allocation of limited conservation resources. We collected a suite of abiotic, biotic, and functional trait variables centered on outplanted individuals from four reintroduced rare plant species and used logistic regression and model selection to assess their influence on individual survival. We show that higher functional similarity between reintroduced individuals and the local community, measured by differences between their multivariate functional traits and the community-weighted mean traits of their immediate neighbors, increases survival and is a stronger predictor of survival than local variation in abiotic factors, suggesting that the functional composition of the biotic community should be incorporated into site selection to improve reintroduction success.

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“…7.2). Of 861 possible pairwise associations between second level threats, 19% (165) were significant and positive (χ2 test on Yule's φ measure of association), although the rate of positive associations was even higher (47%) across all continental U.S. rare taxa (Hernández-Yáñez et al 2016). In contrast, <0.1% of associations between threats were significantly negative, a trend mirrored by continental U.S. taxa as a whole.…”

Section: Threat Assessment For Critically Imperiled and Imperiled Usmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…First level threats affected crop wild relatives differently than rare U.S. plants as a whole. Across crop wild relatives, the most common threat was Natural System Modifications, affecting 44% of taxa, while across all U.S. species this threat was the fifth most common, affecting 29% of taxa (Hernández-Yáñez et al 2016 Threats from fire and fire suppression were largely due to the third level threat, Suppression in fire frequency/intensity (20%) and less to Increase in fire frequency/intensity (4%) or Unspecified changes in fire frequency/intensity (4%). The distribution of second level threats across crop wild relatives suggests that many taxa are affected by direct land usurpation (e.g., urbanization and inundation by dams) as well as factors that alter competitive and consumerresource dynamics (e.g., invasive species and fire suppression).…”

Section: Threat Assessment For Critically Imperiled and Imperiled Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation Status and Threat Assessments for North American Crop Wild Relatives

Frances

Smith

Khoury

2018

North American Crop Wild Relatives, Volume 1

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Conservation status and threat assessments evaluate species' relative risks of extinction globally, regionally, nationally, or locally, and estimate the degree to which populations of species are already safeguarded in existing conservation systems, with the aim of exposing the critical gaps in current conservation. Results of the assessments can therefore aid in directing limited conservation resources to the species and populations that are most at-risk. This chapter introduces the roles of conservation status and threat assessments in informing conservation priorities for crop wild relatives in North America, and provides an overview of the current results for U.S. taxa. Methods to assess the conservation status and to perform threat assessments for North American crop wild relatives are well developed via NatureServe and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, and the essential infrastructure to perform these analyses is present, at least in Canada and the U.S. Current conservation assessments for North American wild relatives need updating, but already reveal a landscape of multiple complex threats, and major gaps in the ex situ and in situ conservation of prioritized species. Further resources and concerted efforts are needed to update conservation assessments and then to use the results to inform efforts to fill the critical gaps in conservation.

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A systematic assessment of threats affecting the rare plants of the United States

Cited by 20 publications

References 38 publications

Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment

Vascular plant extinctions in California: A critical assessment

Functional trait similarity predicts survival in rare plant reintroductions

Conservation Status and Threat Assessments for North American Crop Wild Relatives

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