A systematic approach to the analysis of noise in mixers

Hull, Christopher; Meyer, Robert G.

doi:10.1109/81.269032

Cited by 77 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Mixers driven by the periodic LO signal are commonly modeled as LPTV systems [2,7]. As a result, h(t, u) and H(t, ω) for mixers become periodic with respect to T LO , and can be represented by Fourier series (assumed to converge), i.e., [6] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the active mixer in which switching pairs are used for current commutating is more attractive in many applications because it provides higher conversion gain, resulting in improved suppression of noise contribution from subsequent stages [1,10]. Therefore it is undoubtedly significant to accurately analyze and predict the noise characteristics of currentcommutating mixers [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodic Time-Varying Noise in Current-Commutating Cmos Mixers

Guo¹

2011

PIER

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Abstract-An analytical approach based on linear periodic timevarying theory, is developed to analyze the noise characteristics of current-commutating CMOS mixers. Based on the derived transfer functions with memory effect of tail capacitance, the frequencydependent noise transforming factors for individual stages in the mixers are numerically computed to rigorously describe the noise output. A unified noise expression considering both the thermal noise and the flicker noise is proposed. It enables the noise analysis of the mixers particularly for a high LO frequency with different IF characteristics, and is verified by measurements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodic Time-Varying Noise in Current-Commutating Cmos Mixers

Guo¹

2011

PIER

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“…11. The noise analysis from the switches is considerably more complicated and can be analyzed using the approach given in [38]. Equations (7)-(11) reveal the classic tradeoff between gain, noise, and distortion.…”

Section: Mixer Implementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ignoring the harmonics of the LO and multiplying the fundamental by the RF sinewave results in (33) Eliminating the upconverted term, the resulting desired signal at the mixer output is then (34) Therefore, assuming a perfect squarewave LO, the voltage conversion gain through the mixer is given by the well-know expression [47], [38], [5] (35) Equation (35) is a good approximation when the LO voltage is large compared to the of the switching devices, devices -in Fig. 11.…”

Section: Appendix B Mixer Voltage Conversion Gainmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 1.9-GHz wide-band IF double conversion CMOS receiver for cordless telephone applications

Rudell

Cho³

et al. 1997

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

330

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A monolithic 1.9-GHz, 198-mW, 0.6-m CMOS receiver which meets the specifications of the Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) standard is described. All of the RF, IF, and baseband receiver components, with the exception of the frequency synthesizers, have been integrated into a single chip solution. A description is given of a wide-band IF with double conversion architecture which eliminates the need for the discrete-component noise and IF filters in addition to facilitating the eventual integration of the frequency synthesizer blocks with on-chip VCO's. The prototype device utilizes a 3.3-V supply and includes a low noise amplifier, an image-rejection mixer, and two quadrature baseband signal paths each of which includes a second-order Sallen and Key anti-alias filter, an eighth-order switched-capacitor filter network followed by a 10-b pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The experimental device has a measured receiver reference sensitivity of 090 dBm, an input referred IP3 of 07 dBm, a P 01 dB of 024 dBm, and an imagerejection ratio of 055 dBc across the DECT bands.

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“…In principle, an accurate solution can be obtained by applying LPTV system theory [51,52]. However, in this paper, an alternative approach is adopted to obtain closed form expressions for the IF and RF voltages, as well as the loop gain, by solving the frequency domain equations of the system in an iterative manner.…”

Section: Idealized Circuit Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency translation loops for RF filtering : theory and design

Youssef¹

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Modern wireless transceivers are required to operate over a wide range of frequencies in order to support the multitude of currently available wireless standards. Wideband operation also enables future systems that aim for better utilization of the available spectrum through dynamic allocation. As such, co-existence problems like harmonic mixing and phase noise become a main concern. In particular, dealing with interference scenarios is crucial since they directly translate to higher linearity requirements in a receiver.With CMOS driving the consumer electronics market due to low cost and high level of integration demands, the continued increase in speed, mainly intended for digital applications, offers new possibilities for RF design to improve the linearity of front-end receivers. Furthermore, the readily available switches in CMOS have proven to be a viable alternative to traditional active mixers for frequency translation due to their high linearity, low flicker noise, and, most recently recognized, their impedance transformation properties.In this thesis, frequency translation feedback loops employing passive mixers are explored as a means to relax the linearity requirements in a front-end receiver by providing channel selectivity as early as possible in the receiver chain. The proposed receiver architecture employing such loop addresses some of the most common problems of integrated RF filters, while maintaining their inherent tunability.Through a simplified and intuitive analysis, the operation of the receiver is first examined and the design parameters affecting the filter characteristics, such as bandwidth and stop-band rejection, are determined. A systematic procedure for analyzing the linearity of the receiver reveals the possibility of LNA distortion canceling, which decouples the trade-off between noise, linearity and harmonic radiation.Next, a detailed analysis of frequency translation loops using passive mixers is developed. Only highly simplified analysis of such loops is commonly available in literature. The analysis is based on an iterative procedure to address the complexity introduced by the presence of LO harmonics in the loop and the lack of reverse isolation in the mixers, and results in highly accurate expressions for the harmonic and noise transfer functions of the system. Compared to the alternative of applying iii Abstract general LPTV theory, the procedure developed offers more intuition into the operation of the system and only requires the knowledge of basic Fourier analysis. The solution is shown to be capable of predicting trade-offs arising due to harmonic mixing and loop stability requirements, and is therefore useful for both system design and optimization.Finally, as a proof of concept, a chip prototype is designed in a standard 65nm CMOS process. The design occupies < 0.06mm 2 of active area and utilizes an RF channel-select filter with a 1-to-2.5GHz tunable center frequency to achieve 48dB of stop-band rejection and a wideband IIP3 > +12dBm. As such, the work present...

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A systematic approach to the analysis of noise in mixers

Cited by 77 publications

References 2 publications

Periodic Time-Varying Noise in Current-Commutating Cmos Mixers

Periodic Time-Varying Noise in Current-Commutating Cmos Mixers

A 1.9-GHz wide-band IF double conversion CMOS receiver for cordless telephone applications

Frequency translation loops for RF filtering : theory and design

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