A systematic appraisal of the use of carvacrol-rich plants to treat hydatid cysts

Cheraghipour, Kourosh; Masoori, Leila; Zivdari, Masoomeh; Beiranvand, Marjan; Malekara, Vahid; Yarahmadi, Vali; Moradpour, Kobra; Karkhane, Maryam; Alhameedawi, Alaa Kami; Marzban, Abdolrazagh

doi:10.1007/s12639-021-01461-3

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Carvacrol with the chemical formula C 10 H 14 O ( Fig. 3B ) is a monoterpenic phenolic compound, is one of the main constituents of the essential oil obtained from thyme and similar plants of the family (Lamiaceae) and is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol and ether ( 40 ). Carvacrol is cited as a compound having anti-parasitic effects, especially anti-leishmanial effect; however, its therapeutic uses are challenging due to poor solubility and oxidation as well as rapid evaporation ( 41 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Bioactive Ingredients in Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: An Evidence-Based Review

Alanazi¹,

Saïd²

2022

IJPA

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Background: This study was designed considering the challenges of leishmaniasis treatment and the benefits of carriers of drug delivery systems to review plant bioactive ingredients in delivery systems and nanocarriers for the treatment of leishmaniasis. Methods: The methodology of this review investigation followed the 06-PRISMA recommendations. The searches were carried out up to January 30, 2022, in the central English databases SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, EMBASE, PUBMED, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR using the search terms “ç”, “leishmaniasis”, “herbal medicines”, “drug delivery”, “nanocarriers”, “herbal compounds”, and “secondary metabolites”. Results: Out of 5731 articles, 19 publications, including 12 in vivo (63.15%), 3 in vitro (15.8%), and 4 in vitro/ in vivo (21.1%) up to 2022, fulfilled the criteria presence for argument in the current systematic study. Plant bioactive ingredients were curcumin, betulinic acid, artemisinin, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, andrographolide, pentalinonsterol, ursolic acid, amarogentin, carvacrol, 14-deoxy-11-oxo-andrographolide, quercetin, beta-lapachone, cedrol, 2ˊ,6ˊ-dihydroxy-4ˊ-methoxychalcone, and oleanolic acid. Conclusion: The high potential of plant bioactive ingredients in delivery systems due to the load on the nanocarrier for the treatment of leishmaniasis through some main mechanisms of action, e.g. changes in the fluidity and the structure of the cell wall, creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibition of DNA topoisomerase I enzyme, minimal cytotoxicity, stimulation of cell cycle disruption, stimulation of apoptosis, enhancement of the immune system. However, further investigations, especially in the clinical setting, are required to confirm these findings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Bioactive Ingredients in Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: An Evidence-Based Review

Alanazi¹,

Saïd²

2022

IJPA

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“…They also reported that the combination of thymol (40 mg/kg) and carvacrol (40 mg/kg) showed a tendency to reduce the weight of the cysts compared to the control group (36). In addition, reviews have shown the high potency of carvacrol-rich plants such as Zataria multiflora, Satureja khuzistanica, Satureja hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Syzygium aromaticum, and Origanum minutiflorum against PSCs and hydatid cysts of E. granulosus (37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling Therapeutic Effects of Thymbra spicata L. on Cystic Echinococcosis

Cheraghipour,

Shakib,

Khudair Khalaf

et al. 2024

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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Background: The hydatid cyst (cystic echinococcosis) is the larval stage of Echinococcusgranulosus sensu lato, which accounts for significant zoonotic infections worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of the essential oil derived from Thymbra spicata L. (TSEO) against protoscoleces (PSCs) and hydatid cysts of E. granulosus. Methods: The components of TSEO were characterized using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro effects of TSEO on PSCs were determined using the eosin exclusion test. The effect of TSEO on caspase-3 gene expression and exterior ultrastructure of PSCs was investigated using real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. In vivo effects of TSEO at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day were also studied in mice with hydatid cysts. Results: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main compounds in TSEO were carvacrol (65.88%), γ-terpinene (9.71%), and p-cymene (7.82%), respectively. The results showed the highest lethality of TSEO at 30 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure. The IC50 value was 18.60 µg/mL after 60 minutes of exposure to TSEO. After exposing PSCs to TSEO, the expression level of the caspase-3 gene increased over time with increasing concentration (P < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy images of the cyst treated with 50 µL/mL of TSEO showed ultrastructural damage, rostellar disorganization, alterations in the teguments, and deformation of the cyst structure. In the in vivo assay, it was found that the average number, size, and weight of hydatid cysts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment with TSEO. The maximum efficacy was observed after treatment with TSEO at a dose of 40 mg/kg, resulting in a significant decrease in the number, weight, and size of hydatid cysts by 9.6 ± 1.51, 2.64 ± 0.39 g, and 0.18 ± 0.022 mm, respectively. Conclusions: The study findings confirmed the promising in vitro and in vivo effects of TSEO against hydatid cyst infection. Considering the possible mechanisms, TSEO provoked cell wall damage and induced apoptosis. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify the precise mechanisms of action.

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“…Drug treatment can only be effective for small, inactive cysts, while large and active cysts inevitably fall into surgical treatment. Surgery has a risk of cyst rupture and leakage of its internal materials and subsequent infection of adjacent organs (9,10). Therefore, in the surgical protocol of hydatid cysts, protoscolicidal materials, e.g., silver nitrate, povidone-iodane, and 20% hypertonic salt, are mandatorily used (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surgery has a risk of cyst rupture and leakage of its internal materials and subsequent infection of adjacent organs (9,10). Therefore, in the surgical protocol of hydatid cysts, protoscolicidal materials, e.g., silver nitrate, povidone-iodane, and 20% hypertonic salt, are mandatorily used (10). Hence, achieving efficient protoscolicidal agents with minimal side effects is necessary.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, leakage of cysts or leaks of their fillings during surgery is the most critical upset for surgeons (7,8). The use of scolicidal agents, e.g., hypertonic salt 20% and silver nitrate (Ag-nitrate), has been considered for reducing the risk of protoscoleces spread and relapse of the disease (9), but some complications (fibrosis of biliary ducts and liver cirrhosis) have been reported with these agents (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antiparasitic Effects and Cellular Mechanisms of Formononetin (a Natural Isoflavone) Against Hydatid Cyst Protoscoleces

Haghighi

Khalaf

Mahmoudvand

et al. 2023

Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod

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Background: The chemical agents applied to reduce the complications of hydatid cyst surgery are not free of side effects. Formononetin (FMN), as a natural isoflavone, has been shown to have various therapeutic benefits. Objectives: We studied the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal activity and cellular mechanisms of FMN against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Methods: Formononetin at 75, 150, and 300 μg/mL was mixed with hydatid cyst protoscoleces (103/mL), and the viability was determined in 5 to 60 min through eosin staining assay. The effect of FMN on caspase-3 activity was tested through a commercial colorimetric protease kit. In addition, the penetrability of the plasma membrane of protoscoleces after exposure to FMN was also determined by the SYTOX assay. Results: Formononetin at 300 μg/mL completely destroyed hydatid cyst protoscoleces after 30 minutes. While at 150 μg/mL, after 60 minutes of contact, 100% of protoscoleces were eliminated. By ex vivo assay, FMN showed its antiparasitic effect for longer periods. Based on these results, FMN at 300 μg/mL concentration completely eliminated hydatid cyst protoscoleces after 60 minutes of exposure. While at a concentration of 150 μg/mL after 60 minutes, 89.6% of protoscoleces were destroyed. Formononetin noticeably increased (P < 0.001) the activity of caspase-3 and the permeability of protoscoleces dose-dependently. Conclusions: Formononetin as a natural product showed promising effects on the protoscoleces of hydatid cysts, indicating that it can be considered a valuable scolicidal agent. However, additional investigations are necessary to evaluate its efficacy in animal models and human subjects.

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A systematic appraisal of the use of carvacrol-rich plants to treat hydatid cysts

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Plant Bioactive Ingredients in Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: An Evidence-Based Review

Plant Bioactive Ingredients in Delivery Systems and Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis: An Evidence-Based Review

Unveiling Therapeutic Effects of Thymbra spicata L. on Cystic Echinococcosis

Antiparasitic Effects and Cellular Mechanisms of Formononetin (a Natural Isoflavone) Against Hydatid Cyst Protoscoleces

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